Benutzer:Gereord/Tabellenentwurf

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Allgemeine Tabelle

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Pulmonal-egressive Konsonanten nach dem IPA1
Ort → Labial Koronal Dorsal Radikal Glottal
↓ Art Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Alveolopalatal Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̪ n̥ n n̠ ɳ̊ ɳ ȵ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ
Plosiv p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ
Frikativ ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j̊ j ɰ
Flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̯
Vibrant ʙ r̥ r ɽ͡r ʀ ᴙ2
Lateraler Frikativ ɬ ɮ ɬ̢ ʎ̝̊ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝
Lateraler Approximant l̥ l ɭ ȴ ʎ ʟ
Lateraler Flap ɺ ɺ̠ ʎ̯ ʟ̆
Labialisierter Approximant ʍ w

1 Wo Lautzeichen in Paaren auftreten, repräsentiert das linke Lautzeichen einen stimmlosen und das rechte Lautzeichen einen stimmhaften Laut.
2 Dieses Zeichen ist nicht im internationalen phonetischen Alphabet aufgeführt, wird in der Literatur jedoch häufig zur Wiedergabe dieses Lauts genutzt.

Lateinische Aussprache

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  Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
plain labial
Plosive voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /ɡ/  
voiceless p /p/ t /t/   c or k /k/[C 1] qv /kʷ/[C 2]
aspirated[C 3] ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/   ch /kʰ/
Fricative voiced   z /z/[C 4]
voiceless f /f/[C 5] s /s/ h /h/
Nasal m /m/[C 6] n /n/   g or n [ŋ][C 7]    
Rhotic r /r/[C 8]      
Approximant   l /l/[C 9] i /j/[C 10] v /w/[C 11]
Consonant table notes (C 1, 2, 3, etc.):
  1. ↑ ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ both represent /k/. In archaic inscriptions of Early Latin, ⟨c⟩ was primarily used before ⟨i⟩ and ⟨e⟩, while ⟨k⟩ was used before ⟨a⟩. However, in classical times, ⟨k⟩ had been replaced by ⟨c⟩, except in a very small number of words.[1] ⟨q⟩ clarified minimal pairs between /k/ and /kʷ/, making it possible to distinguish between cui /kuj/ (with a diphthong) and quꟾ /kʷiː/ (with a labialized velar stop). ⟨x⟩ represented the consonant cluster /ks/, which in Old Latin which could be spelled ⟨ks⟩, ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨xs⟩. Adding to all this, ⟨c⟩ originally represented both /k/ and /ɡ/. Hence, it was used in the abbreviation of common praenomina (first names): [[Gaius|gáivs]] was written as c. and [[Gnaeus|gnaeus]] as cn. Misunderstanding of this convention has led to the erroneous spelling ⟨Caius⟩.
  2. ↑ In the classical period, /kʷ/ (spelled ⟨qv⟩) became labio-palatalized velar plosive ([kᶣ]) when followed by a front vowel. Thus quꟾ was realized as [kᶣiː].[2]
  3. ↑ The digraphs representing aspirated phonemes began to be used in writing around the middle of the second century B.C. and were primarily employed for transcribing Greek names and loan-words containing the aspirated sounds represented by phi (⟨φ⟩ /pʰ/), theta (⟨θ⟩ /tʰ/), and chi (⟨χ⟩ /kʰ/), e.g. philippus, cithara, and achaea. In such cases, the aspiration was likely reproduced only by educated speakers.[3] Subsequently, the aspirates began making an appearance in a number of Latin words which were not learned borrowings from classical Greek, initially as allophones of the unaspirated plosives, in proximity to /l/ and /r/. Because ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ph⟩ and ⟨th⟩ were already available to represent these sounds graphically, this resulted in standard forms such as pvlcher, lachrima, gracchvs, trivmphvs, thereby reducing the phonemes' erstwhile marginal status, at least among educated speakers.[4]
  4. ↑ /z/ was at first represented by ⟨s⟩ or ⟨ss⟩ in Koine Greek loanwords (e.g. sona from ζώνη). Around the second and first centuries BCE, zeta (⟨ζ⟩) was adopted to represent /z/. Based on Italian Greek, where ⟨ζ⟩ was still pronounced /dz/, di- and de- before a vowel in Latin replaced z standing for /dz/: zeta for diaeta. Thereafter z was either /z/ or /dz/.[5] In classical verse, ⟨z⟩ always counted as two consonants.[6] This might mean that the sound was geminated, i.e. [zː], or pronounced /dz/.
  5. ↑ The phoneme represented by ⟨f⟩ may have also represented a bilabial [ɸ] in Early Latin or perhaps in free variation with [f]. Lloyd, Sturtevant and Kent make this argument based on certain misspellings of inscriptions, the Proto-Indo-European phone from which the Latin ⟨f⟩ descended, and the way the sound appears to have behaved in Vulgar Latin, particularly in Spain.[7]
  6. ↑ It is likely that, by the Classical period, /m/ at the end of words was pronounced weakly, either voiceless or simply by nasalizing the preceding vowel.[8] For instance decem ('ten') was probably pronounced [ˈdɛkɛ̃]. In addition to the metrical features of Latin poetry, the fact that all such endings in words of more than two syllables lost the final ⟨m⟩ in the descendant Romance languages strengthens this hypothesis. For simplicity, and because this is not known for certain, ⟨m⟩ is always represented as the phoneme /m/ here and in other references.
  7. ↑ /n/ assimilated to [m] before labial consonants as in impar < *in-par [ˈɪmpar], and to [ŋ] before velar consonants as in quinque [ˈkʷɪŋkʷɛ].[9] Also, ⟨g⟩ probably represented a velar nasal before ⟨n⟩ (agnus [ˈaŋnʊs]).[8][10]
  8. ↑ The Latin rhotic was either an alveolar trill [r], like Spanish or Italian ⟨rr⟩, or maybe an alveolar flap [ɾ], with a tap of the tongue against the upper gums, as in Spanish ⟨r⟩.[11]
  9. ↑ /l/ (represented by ⟨l⟩) is thought to have had two allophones in Latin, comparable to many varieties of modern English. In ancient Roman grammatical discussions, these variants were known as l pinguis "thick l" and l exīlis "thin l". It appears that "thick l" was velarized [ɫ] as in English full, while "thin l" was a plain alveolar lateral approximant [l] approximately as in English leaf (or even better, as in Spanish or German). There is some disagreement about in exactly which circumstances the different allophones occurred. According to Andrew Sihler,[12] comparative evidence indicates that, when after a vowel, l exīlis [l] occurred before an /i/ or another /l/, while l pinguis [ɫ] occurred in all other circumstances. According to Allen, /l/ when not after a vowel (word-initial or following a consonant) was always l exīlis [l].[13]
  10. ↑ /j/ appears at the beginning of words before a vowel, or in the middle of the words between two vowels; in the latter case, the sound is usually doubled, and is sometimes spelled accordingly (for instance in Cicero and Julius Caesar):[14] iv́s /ˈjuːs/, cvivs /ˈkujjus/. Because such a doubled consonant in the middle of a word makes the preceding syllable heavy, the vowel in that syllable is traditionally marked with a macron in dictionaries, although the vowel is usually short: ⟨cv́ivs⟩ or ⟨cv́jvs⟩. Compound words preserve the /j/ of the element that begins with it: adiectꟾvvm /adjekˈtiːwum/. Note that intervocalic ⟨i⟩ can sometimes represent a separate syllabic vowel /i/, such as in the praenomen gáivs /ˈɡaː.i.us/.
  11. ↑ ⟨v⟩ and ⟨i⟩, in addition to representing vowels, were used to represent the corresponding approximants. Before a vocalic ⟨i⟩ the semiconsonant was often omitted altogether in spelling, for instance in réicit [ˈrejjɪkɪt] ('he/she/it threw back').

Sindarintabelle 1

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Pulmonal-egressive Konsonanten nach dem IPA1
Ort → Labial Koronal Dorsal Glottal
↓ Art Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosiv p b t d k ɡ
Frikativ f v θ ð s x h
Approximant ɹ j
Flap ɾ
Vibrant r̥ r
Lateraler Approximant l̥ l
Labialisierter Approximant ʍ w

1 Wo Lautzeichen in Paaren auftreten, repräsentiert das linke Lautzeichen einen stimmlosen und das rechte Lautzeichen einen stimmhaften Laut.
2 Dieses Zeichen ist nicht im internationalen phonetischen Alphabet aufgeführt, wird in der Literatur jedoch häufig zur Wiedergabe dieses Lauts genutzt.

Sindarintabelle 2

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Pulmonal-egressive Konsonanten des Sindarin nach dem IPA1
Ort → Labial Koronal Dorsal Glottal
↓ Art Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosiv p b t d k ɡ
Frikativ f v θ ð s x h
Approximant ɹ j
Flap ɾ
Vibrant r̥ r
Lateraler Approximant l̥ l
Labialisierter Approximant ʍ w

1 Wo Lautzeichen in Paaren auftreten, repräsentiert das linke Lautzeichen einen stimmlosen und das rechte Lautzeichen einen stimmhaften Laut.
2 Dieses Zeichen ist nicht im internationalen phonetischen Alphabet aufgeführt, wird in der Literatur jedoch häufig zur Wiedergabe dieses Lauts genutzt.

  1. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  2. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  3. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  4. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  5. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  6. ↑ Harry L. Levy: A Latin Reader for Colleges. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1989, S. 150.
  7. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  8. ↑ a b Vorlage:Harvnb
  9. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  10. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  11. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  12. ↑ Andrew L. Sihler: New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-508345-8.
  13. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
  14. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb
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