Benutzer:Jackentasche/Drei-Wünsche-frei

Hier wird gebastelt für: Drei Wünsche frei

Ergänzungsmaterial für Artikel Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit

Wirkung ab den 1970er Jahren

Mitscherlichs Vorwort 1977

Generationswechsel, s. AIB 2006

Wirkung ab den 1990er Jahren

1994 Peter, 1998, 2013

2001 Ebbinghaus inkl. Peter

2005 Broschüre von Hartmann, 23 S., ZME in Bochum - ungenau im Stil - was haben andere Medizinethische Institute im deutschssprachoigen Raum dazu publiziert?

2006 Veranstaltung MedUni Wien (Ankündigung s. im Artikel verlinkt) mit Jürgen Peter

2006 fand eine Gedenkveranstaltung mit dem Haupttitel »Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit« statt, während der mit medizingeschichtlichen Fachvorträgen an ermordete »Geisteskranke« erinnert wurde. In der Einleitung zur Dokumentation stellt Mariacarla Gadebusch Bondio die folgenden Fragen: „Wie konnten Heilanstalten zu Tötungsanstalten werden? Wie konnte die absichtliche Ermordung psychisch kranker Kinder, Frauen und Männer »wissenschaftlich« gerechtfertigt werden? Was für eine Ideologie, was für eine Moral, was für eine Gesellschaft ist fähig, solche Brutalität zu ertragen, sich mir ihr zu liieren? Wie und gegebenenfalls warum erscheint die Ermordung von schwachen, kranken Menschen mit dem ärztlichen Ethos vereinbar?“ und konstatiert anschließend: „Die Gründe zu hinterfragen, die zur Ermordung von »Geisteskranken« führten, bedeutet, sich auf die komplexe Vernetzung von (Bio-)Politik mit den herrschenden Moralvorstellungen und Ideologien einzulassen, die damals wie heute das grundlegende Raster bilden, in dem alle wissenschaftlichen Theorien und Praktiken entstehen.“

2006 Artikel in AIB

2013 Neuauflage von Peter 1994, 1998

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Theatre Royal (Manchester) (ab 28.3.2014)

Jackentasche/Drei-Wünsche-frei

The Theatre Royal in Manchester, England, opened in 1845. Situated next to the Free Trade Hall, it is the oldest surviving theatre in Manchester. It was commissioned by Mancunian businessman John Knowles who wanted a theatre venue in the city.

The Theatre Royal operated as a theatre from 1845 until 1921, when it closed in the face of growing competition from the Palace Theatre and Opera House. The building has since been converted numerous times for use as a cinema, bingo hall and nightclub. As of 2012 it is unoccupied.

History

Theatre Royal front facade on the left with the Free Trade Hall.

John Knowles was presented a plate by his friends who were full of praise for him in 1844. He received this "in acknowledgement of his energetic and successful efforts to revive national drama in Manchester".

Knowles's theatrical career began at the time when the theatre in Manchester was at its lowest ebb. Knowles took over the management of the second Theatre Royal in Fountain Street; he set up a strong stock company and proved himself a very capable, though somewhat authoritarian, theatre manager. However, due to a fire in 1844, it was destroyed. The proprietors of the theatre in Fountain Street refused to rebuild it. At a public dinner, Knowles stated that if they could get no one else to build a theatre then he would do it himself. As a result, Knowles bought the patent rights and set about finding a site for the new theatre.Vorlage:Sfn Knowles had always been an admirer of theatrical performances and he was anxious to see their renovation in this, his native town. He desired to see the revival of the legitimate drama, and the plays represented in a manner duly worthy of them.

Knowles found a new site for his theatre on Peter Street. He demolished the Wellington Inn and Brogden's Horse Bazaar.Vorlage:Sfn Knowles employed Francis Chester and John Gould Irwin as the architects for his new theatre.Vorlage:Sfn In preparation for the building of the new Theatre Royal, Knowles and Chester went to London and visited most of the metropolitan theatres, noting their areas, internal forms, acoustic capabilities, etc. With a cost of £23,000, the new Theatre Royal opened to an audience of 2,500.Vorlage:Sfn Precautionary measures against fire were taken by placing a tank on the roof capable of holding 20,000 gallons of water, which was connected by pipes to the stage and the green room. Its programme that night included Weber's Oberon overture, Douglas Jerrold's "Time works wonders" and an elaborate ballet spectacle "The Court Ball in 1740". Knowles's schedule of productions was intensive – in one season there were 157 performances at which two and sometimes three plays were performed. The popularity of the theatre grew. Charles Dickens, John Leech and George CruickshankVorlage:Sfn were amongst notable people who appeared at the theatre. The theatre was dedicated to Shakespeare and Knowles installed a Carrara marble statue of the playwright above the entrance. It was Manchester's finest outdoor statue.Vorlage:Sfn In 1875, after years of success, Knowles severed his connections with the theatre, disposing of it to a limited company for £50,000.Vorlage:Sfn

In 1972 the theatre became a bingo hall, then a disco hall following the addition of various lighting bridges and rigs. The 1845 exterior façade is virtually intact, and the building retains the balcony from 1875.

Architecture

The theatre, which stands on an island site on the south side of Peter Street, is constructed in sandstone ashlar. It is in two storeys, with an attic, and is in Neoclassical style. Around the building, between the upper storey and the attic, is a modillioned cornice. Its entrance front facing Peter Street is symmetrical with three bays, the central bay being wider than the lateral bays. The central bay is in the form of a portico, with Corinthian columns and pilasters. Its entablature contains a central semicircular arch breaking through to the gable. Steps lead up to entrances in each bay. Above the central entrance is a pedimented niche containing a statue of William Shakespeare, which is based on the statue by Peter Scheemakers in Westminster Abbey. The lateral bays contain windows with balconies in the upper storey.Vorlage:Sfn Along the sides of the theatre are alternating rectangular windows and panels, with a blank semicircular arch above each window. The interior of the theatre has been altered, but retains its 1875 gallery. The theatre was designed on 3  October 1974 by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building. The authors of the Buildings of England series describe it as a "splendid classical composition in stone, one of the best examples of theatre architecture surviving anywhere in England from the first half of the 19th century".Vorlage:Sfn

Present status

As of 2012 the theatre is unoccupied, although in the years since its closure there have been many proposals to bring the building back into use. The Theatres Trust has said that the internal conversions for its past usage in various guises appear to have obscured – rather than destroyed – the Trust classify the original interior work as "restorable as a theatre".

In 2008, a 28-storey commercial tower was proposed which would be connected to the back of the original theatre. It was announced in 2011 by owners Benmore that the Theatre Royal would receive a £2 million refurbishment to convert the building into a live music venue.

Despite the promise of investment, Benmore sold the building in November 2012 to Edwardian London - owners of the Radisson Edwardian hotel adjacent to the theatre in the Free Trade Hall. The building could potentially be restored as a theatre or banqueting hall as a complimentary extension for the hotel.

References

Notes Bibliography

• Clare Hartwell, Matthew Hyde, Nikolaus Pevsner: Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East (= The Buildings of England). Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2004, ISBN 0-300-10583-5. 
• Manchester Central Library: Men and Women of Manchester. William Morris Press, 1979. 
• J. J. Parkinson-Bailey: Manchester: An Architectural History. Manchester University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7190-5606-2. 
• Nigel Rudyard, Terry Wyke: Manchester Theatres. Bibliography of North West England, 1994, ISBN 0-947969-18-7. 

[[Category:Theatres in Manchester]] [[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Grade II listed theatres]] [[Category:Neoclassical architecture in England]] [[Category:1845 architecture]]