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Linguistic details

Cardinal Numbers

unus

The numeral ūnus < Old Latin oinos ‘one’, with its cognates Old Irish óen ‘one’, Gothic ains ‘one’, Ancient Greek οἴνη oínē ‘ace on dice’, and the first part of Old Church Slavonic inorogŭ ‘Unicorn’, hearkens back to Proto-Indo-European *Hoi̯-no-s. The genitive forms ūnīus, ūnĭus and the dative form ūnī match the pronominal declension (cf. hujus, illius etc.), the remaining forms (including a rare gen. f. ūnae) conform with those of first and second declension adjectives. Nominative and accusative forms persist within the Romance languages as numeral and also in its secondarily acquired role as indefinite article, e. g. Old French and Occitan uns, une, un, Italian un, una, Spanish uno, una, Portuguese um, uma, Romanian un, o.

duo

The masculine nominative/accusative forms dŭŏ < Old Latin dŭō ‘two’ is a cognate to Old Welsh dou ‘two’, Greek δύω dýō ‘two’, Sanskrit दुवा duvā ‘two’, Old Church Slavonic dŭva ‘two’, that imply Proto-Indo-European *duu̯o-h₁, a Lindeman variant of monosyllabic *du̯o-h₁, living on in Sanskrit द्वा dvā ‘two’, and slightly altered in Gothic twai ‘two’, German zwei ‘two’ etc.; the feminine dŭae points to an ancestral form *duu̯ah₂-ih₁. Both forms bear a dual ending, which otherwise in Latin is preserved only in ambō ‘both’, and possibly in octō ‘eight’. The accusative forms dŭōs m., dŭās f., the genitive dŭom, classical dŭōrum m./n., dŭārum f., and the dative/ablative dŭōbus m./n., dŭābus f., are original Latin formations replicating nominal declension patterns; at times, duo stands in for other case forms, especially when combined with invariant numerals, e. g. duo et viginti ‘twenty-two’, duodetriginta ‘twenty-eight’.

Most Romance languages sustain an invariant form developed from the masculine accusative duōs > Spanish, Catalan, Occitan dos, Portuguese dois, French deux, Romansh duos, dus; Italian due seems to preserve the feminine nominative duae (or may have evolved from the feminine accusative duas).

tres

The masculine and feminine nominative form trēs ‘three’ and its cognates Gothic þreis ‘three’, Greek τρεῖς treîs ‘three’, Sanskrit त्रयः trayaḥ ‘three’ are based on Proto-Indo-European *trei̯-es; the original accusative form trīs, matching Umbrian trif, Gothic þrins, Old Irish trí, Greek τρίνς tríns < Proto-Indo-European *tri-ns, was being superseded from preclassical Latin onward. The neuter tria corresponds to Umbrian triia and Greek τρία tría. The genitive trium is a direct descendant of Proto-Indo-European *trii̯-om, unlike e. g. Greek τριῶν triôn with long -ōn < -o-om, taken from the second declension; the dative/ablative form tribus, as well as Umbrian tris < *trifos, sustains Proto-Indo-European *tri-bʰos. The Romance languages only preserve one invariant form reflecting Latin trēs > Spanish, Catalan, Occitan tres, Portuguese três, French trois, Romansh trais, treis, Romanian trei.

quattuor

The invariant numeral quattuor ‘four’ does not fully correspond to any of its cognates in other languages, as Oscan petora ‘four’, Greek τέσσαρες téssares ‘four’, Old Irisch cethair ‘four’, Gothic fidwôr ‘four’, Lithuanian keturì ‘four’, Old Church Slavonic četyre ‘four’ point to a Proto-Indo-European base *kʷetu̯or-, that should appear as *quetuor in Latin; the actual -a- has been explained as epenthetic vowel emerging from a zero-grade *kʷtu̯or-. The geminate -tt- might have been established to compensate the fluctuating quality of succeeding -u- between non-syllabic glide and full vowel apparent since Old Latin; in the postclassical form quattor this sound is dropped altogether, and in most Romance languages the second syllable is subject to syncope, which then is compensated by an additional vowel at the very end of the word, as in Spanish cuatro, Portuguese quatro, Italian quattro, French, Occitan, Catalan quatre, Romanian patru.

quinque

The cardinal number quīnque ‘five’, with its cognates Old Irish coíc ‘five’, Greek πέντε pénte ‘five’, Sanskrit पञ्च pañca ‘five’, leads back to Proto-Indo-European pénkʷe; the long -ī-, confirmed by preserved -i- in most Romance descendants, must have been transferred from the ordinal quīntus ‘fifth’, where the original short vowel had been regularly lengthened preceding a cluster with a vanishing fricative: quīntus < *quiŋxtos < *kʷuiŋkʷtos < *kʷeŋkʷ-to-s. The assimilation of antevocalic *p- to -kʷ- of the following syllable is a common feature of the Italic languages as well as the Celtic languages.

sex

The numeral sex ‘six’, together with Greek ἕξ, ϝέξ héx, wéx,

Die Untere Mühle zu Bassersdorf im Zürichbiet stand bis 1891 unterhalb der Hub am Altbach, etwa 200 Meter südwestlich der Obern Mühle. Sie wird 1420 als Nydermúli in der örtlichen Offnung erwähnt, ihr Bestehn ist jedoch indirekt schon für das Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts durch ein Wachszinsrodel des Fraumünsters von 1296 bezeugt, in welchem ein „mùlner, der ober, von Basselstorff“ genannt wird; eine Urkunde von 1260 über den Verkauf einer Mühle in Bassersdorf an den Konvent St. Verena in Zürich kann nicht eindeutig zugeordnet werden.

Um 1624 ist als Besitzer Jacob Altdorfer, Wirt des Untern Wirtshauses, bezeugt, später eine Familie Meili; beim Durchzug österreichischer Soldaten im Sechster Koalitionskrieg

Suffix	Meaning/Capacity	Examples
-∅-	agent noun	dux ’leader‘, from dūcere ’to draw, to lead‘; cōnsul ’head counselor‘, from cōnsulere ’to consult‘; jūdex ’judge’, from jūs dīcere ’to speak justice‘
-ā-	subjunctive mood	videās ’thou see‘, from vidēre ’to see‘; dīcat ’he say’, from dīcere ’to say‘; audiar ’I am heard‘, from audīre ’to hear‘; attigās ’thou touch‘, from attigī ’I have touched‘
-ā-	factitive essive	laetāre ’to exhilarate‘, from laetus ’cheerful‘; lacrimāre ’to shed tears’, from lacrima ’tear‘; piscārī ’to trawl‘, from piscis ’fish‘ servāre ’preserve‘, from servos ’*keeper, *’herder‘; mīlitāre ’to do military service‘, from mīles ’warrior, soldier‘; concordāre ’to be in agreement‘, from concors ’agreed, harmonious‘
-bā- -ēbā-	imperfect	dabās ’thou wast giving‘, from dare ‚to give‘; nābam ’I was swimming‘, from nāre ’to swim‘; vidēbātur ’it seemed‘, from vidērī ’to seem‘; ībant ’they were going‘, from īre ‚to go‘ legēbāmus ’we were reading’, from legere ’to read‘; fugiēbat ’he was fleeing‘, from fugere ’to flee‘; audiēbantur ’they were being heard‘, from audīre ‚to hear, to listen‘
-iā- -itiā- -itiē-	nominal abstract	audācia ’boldness, risk‘, from audāx ‚bold‘; ēlegantia ’refined taste, decency’, from ēlegāns ’discriminating, refined‘; mīlitia ’military service‘, from mīles ’warrior, soldier‘ jūstitia ’justice‘, from jūstus ’just‘; dūritia ’hardness, hardship‘, from dūrus ’hard‘; pueritia ’boyhood‘, from puer ’boy‘ dūritiēs ’hardness‘, from dūrus ’hard‘; munditiēs ’cleanliness, daintyness‘, from mundus ’neat, cleanly‘
-ēlā-	action noun	loquēla ’speech‘, from loquī ’to talk, to speak‘; tūtēla ’custody‘, from tūtus ’safe, secure‘; candēla ’light, candle‘, from candēre ’to gleam, to glow‘
-tūrā- -sūrā-	action noun	vēnātūra ’hunt‘, from vēnārī ’to hunt‘; scrīptūra ’writ‘, from scrībere ’to write‘; armātūra ’rigging, armament‘, from armāre ’to arm, to rig‘ ūsūra ’usage‘, from ūtī ’to use‘; mēnsūra ’measurement‘, from mētīrī ’to measure‘; cēnsūra ’censorship‘, from cēnsēre ’to rate, to estimate‘
-issā/izā-	essive instrumentative factitive	patrissāre ’to take after one’s father‘, from pater ’father‘; chrīstiānizāre ’to be a christian’, from Christiānus ’Christian‘; graecissāre ’to talk like a Greek‘, from Graecus ’Greek‘ clystērizāre ’to administer an enema‘, from clystēr ’enema‘; forizāre ’to trade‘, from forum ’market‘; crūcizāre ’to affix the cross‘, from crūx ’cross‘ latīnizāre ’to translate into Latin‘, from Latīnus ’Latin‘; indemnisāre ’to indemnify‘, from indemnis ’unharmed‘; crūdēlizāre ’to depict as cruel‘, from crūdēlis ‚cruel‘

References

• Manu Leumann, Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre, 5th edition (reprint), published as Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaften Abt. 2, Teil 2: Lateinische Grammatik 1, München 1977, ISBN 3-406-01426-7.
• Peter Stotz, Bedeutungswandel und Wortbildung, published as Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaften Abt. 2, Teil 5: Handbuch der lateinischen Sprache des Mittelalters 2, München 2000, ISBN 3-406-45836-X.