Benutzer:Chief tin cloud/California Top

 Info: Karosseriebereich - schwierig.

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Studebaker Big Six Duplex Phaeton (1926).

Das California Top, gelegentlich auch Winter Top genannt, ist ein abnehmbares Dach für grössere Automobile und ein Vorläufer des Hardtops. Der Name geht auf den US-Bundesstaat zurück, in dem diese Dächer zuerst verwendet wurden.

Besonders luxuriöse Fahrzeuge wurden in den 1910er Jahren mit je einer offenen Sommer- und einer geschlossenen Winterkarosserie geordert. Das Prozedere des Wechsels im Frühjahr und im Herbst war umständlich und beide Aufbauten erforderten Wartung. Zudem gewöhnte sich die wohlhabende Kundschaft einen schnelleren Verkauf der Fahrzeuge an um immer das neueste Modell zu haben, ein Trend, der natürlich von den Vertretungen gefördert wurde. Am neuen Auto verdienten sie schneller und einfacher als an Lagerung und Instandhaltung einer Karosserie.

Findige Karosseriebauer sahen im abnehmbaren Dach eine Ersatzlösung: Statt dem lästigen Wechseln der ganzen Karosserie wurde im Herbst ein festes Dach aufgesetzt und im Frühjahr wieder abgenommen.

Ganz einfach war auch das nicht. Zwar gab es für Dächer für gängige Modelle wie den Ford Modell T so etwas wie eine Serienproduktion. Dennoch musste die Touring car-Karosserie angepasst werden und das Dach selber war auch recht komplex.

• Flapper (?)
• Hackett Motor Car Company(?)
• George White Buggy Company

CALIFORNIA TOP - a fixed rigid top applied to a touring car replacing the regular folding top, usually with sliding glass windows for weather protection. A period description follows:

   “The California tailor-made automobile top has made its appearance in the East. Strangely this top, known to the trade all over the country as the California Top, is known in California, where it originated, as the Craftsman Top. It is a strikingly beautiful, graceful top of the non-collapsible or rigid type as is shown by the accompanying illustration.

   “The frame-work of the California top is made preferably of straight-grained hickory. The rigidity of the top is absolutely essential, and wrought iron braces and knee irons are used to hold the ribs in place.

   “The outer covering of the top is preferably of some rich material harmonizing in color with the finish of the metal parts of the car. The material preferred in California consists of a strong cotton fabric base coated with a pyroxylin film. This material has the desired flexibility and vitality and retains its beauty after years of exposure to rain, sun and alkali dust. It is water-proof, grease-proof and stain-proof, is easily cleaned by brushing or washing with, soap and water. Many owners of cars having the California tops have been so much pleased with their appearance that they have had the bodies of their machines covered with the same material used in the top itself.”

Studebaker Duplex

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  Anzeige für den Studebaker Duplex Phaeton (1924)
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  Studebaker Duplex Phaeton (1925)
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  Studebaker Duplex Phaeton (1925)
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  Studebaker Duplex Phaeton (1925)
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  Studebaker Big Six Duplex Phaeton (1925)

White's Permanent Top

→ Hauptartikel: George White Buggy Company

Die George White Buggy Company in Rock Island (Illinois) war einer der Hersteller solcher Dächer. Das White's Permanent Top war für den Ford Modell T Roadster und Touring erhältlich. Dieses Dach wurde allerdings fest montiert. Die mit Mohair ausgeschlagene Konstruktion bestand aus dem Dach selber sowie abnehmbaren Türen und Sei tenscheiben aus Glas. Im Winter entsprach der Wetterschutz somit annähernd jenem eines Sedan, im Sommer konnten die Seitenscheiben entfernt und die originalen Türen eingesetzt werden. Damit kann man diese Fahrzeuge mi einiger Berechtigung auch als Vorläufer der Automobilbauform Hardtop ansehen.

George White verfolgte aber bereits wenig später eine andere Idee im Automobilbereich:

Das White-Dach war recht aufwendig konstruiert und bot einen textilen Dachbezug. Im Gegensatz zur Standard-Tür hatte jene von White auch innen Griffe. Die Türrahmen waren mit Mohair verkleidet. Das hatte seinen Preis: Das Dach kostete für einen Roadster der Baujahre 1913 bis 1916 US$ 50, für ein Touring der Baujahre 1913-1914 US$ 65 und für eines von 1915-1916 US 67,50. Der Listenpreis für einen neuen Ford lag Ende 1916 bei nur noch US$ 345 (Roadster) resp. US$ 360 für den dreitürigen Touring.

Rex Top

Eine ähnliche Lösung bot Dodge für Roadster und Touring ab 1916 an. Das zunächst Winter top genannte Dach erhöhte den Grundpreis von US$ 785 auf 950. Ab 1917 hieß es nach dem Hersteller Rex Manufacturing Company in Connersville (Indiana) Rex top. Der Dodge 30 kostete in der Grundversion US$ 835 und mit Rex top US$ 1000.

Dieses Dach war abnehmbar wie ein Hardtop und konnte mit oder ohne Seitenteile verwendet werden. Im April 1919 wurden die Rex-Modelle durch Coupés ersetzt.

December 5, 1918 Motor Age:

December 5, 1918 Motor Age:

“Inclosing The Car For Winter

“Tops That Help Make Driving In Cold Weather Free From Chill

“By B. M. Ikert, Motor Age Editorial Staff

“The first requirement of winter driving is to keep out the cold. If a heater is installed there must be adequate assurance that heat so derived is retained, otherwise, it would be like opening all the windows and doors of your home in zero temperature and at the same time piling on fuel in the firebox of the heating plant. A closed car body is the connecting link, so far as the car owner and cold weather is concerned, and it is possible to either realize or approximate an inclosed body in various ways.

“Side Curtains and Top

“First, we have the regular top that comes with the car, from which can be suspended the usual side curtains, forming a more or less closed body job. This is all right as far as it goes, but the arrangement is far from satisfactory when the curtains have to be left on all winter. Side curtains are really intended to be used only in summer, against occasional showers. They obscure the vision of the driver and passengers to a great extent, and the celluloid windows of some do not last long, due to the severe uses in winter. They are very much in the way when put on, as one must constantly unbutton this or that fastener to get out.

“Then there is the arrangement whereby the car's regular top is used in connection with heavy side curtains, forming an inclosure that is infinitely much better than the side-curtain affair first mentioned. The door curtains on the second job usually open and close with the doors, and the opening in the curtains for opening the doors generally is covered with a flap of some sort to keep cold air out. The windows are generally of celluloid and the owner's present top is utilized.

“Another arrangement is possible whereby the owner's present top is used. This consists of what is referred to as a glass inclosure, made by setting frames around the sides of the car, perfectly fitted to the windshield, with glass windows for ventilating. In many cases the frames are covered with imitation leather.

“A fourth method of inclosure is that of a detachable top built of wood and specially made for each car. On most of these jobs the doors are full sized and require taking off the doors of the touring car. These doors are fitted usually with dropping glasses and special forms of lifting devices. The balance of the glass in sides and rear is generally stationary. Also, the interior of such a top can be upholstered in whatever form the owner desires and slip covers made for the balance of the job so the whole will harmonize. Such tops are, of course, not kept in stock, as each owner has some particular points he wishes to incorporate. Consequently, in such cases it is necessary to drive to an establishment making such tops and have the latter fitted directly to the job.

“Finally, we have a scheme for housing the owner conveniently with a winter top designed so as to pull right over the present top, making a double top and affording greater protection against the cold. When in position it resembles much the permanent types of winter tops, but has the advantage that it can be slipped on or off readily. On one of these types the top hugs the sides of the body snugly, being stiffened with light steel strips that eliminate any flapping also. Such a top weighs this side of 40 lb. and can be put on or taken off by one person.

“Many Tops for Fords

“In choosing a winter top the owner in his haste to provide means for keeping out cold should not lose sight of ventilation. This is taken care of in those types of winter tops where the old top is discarded by proper windshield construction and the dropping glasses in the doors. Also see that the top, especially if for a roadster, does not weigh too much and that the parts are so designed that continual use. does not produce vibration and squeaks. Glass will break sometimes, and it is well to see that the frames on the glass-inclosed types are built so that the new glass can be built easily. Most of the more permanent or all-season tops are fitted with an electric dome light, with the wires concealed in the woodwork. Where such wires are not provided and the owner later on desires to equip thus, it is possible very often to run the wires underneath the top lining or under the moldings on the sides.

“Ford owners are very lucky in that there are an almost endless variety of winter tops for Fords. Some of them are neatly made and give a touch of elegance to the Ford not readily obtained with the usual top and side curtains. They also in many cases incorporate rain vision and ventilating types of windshields. The regular Ford top and side curtains are hardly strong enough to cope with winter, and the owner of such a car probably would be money ahead if he invested in a good winter top and carefully stored the old one and curtains for warmer weather.

“While many of the winter tops are made in one locality and shipped to any point, whereupon the owner must install it himself, there are those concerns catering only to the local trade and to whom the owners must drive with their cars and leave them there for from, say, three days to a week or more, while the top is fitted. It must be understood that irons must be fashioned to fit in certain places, and this cannot be done without the car on the premises. As might be expected, such a place is capable of rendering special service, and in many cases no two jobs are alike. Thus, what is true of one city is true of another, and in the larger cities there may be perhaps from three or four to a dozen or more concerns equipped to do special work*. In fact, many of the concerns specializing in custom bodies for the higher priced cars also are equipped to make up any form.

“One of the concerns so equipped is the Chicago Coach & Carriage Co., Chicago, which follows along three distinct lines in its winter inclosures. They are the curtain inclosure, glass inclosure and detachable top. One of the illustrations shows the curtain construction on a Winton, the job costing about $150. The old top is used and the curtains open with the doors. Flaps keep out cold air. The glass inclosure is accomplished by wood frames covered with imitation leather placed around the sides of the car and fitted with glass panels. Such a job affords much light and also uses the present top. A four-passenger job of this type costs about $250; five-passenger, $275, and seven-passenger, about $300. Such a top is shown herewith on a Pierce-Arrow.

“The third method of this company is shown in the illustration of a Fiat. This job costs about $1,100 to $1,500, depending on size and material. The old doors are removed for this outfit and the interior upholstered any way the owner desires. Slip covers are made to harmonize and electric lights can be easily installed. All this work is special, inasmuch as none is kept in stock, but is built up according to design passed on by the owner. It is advisable to have all three styles of inclosures shop-installed, but the first two can be handled by the owner if necessary.

“The Marmon Chicago Co., Chicago, makes tops for all models and makes of cars. They are not carried in stock, but patterns are available for making them up to suit the owner's whims. Prices vary with style. The concern carries its own trim department and is equipped to build any kind or style of top wanted. There is also to be had a winter side curtain with glass windows, provided with ventilators, also an opening for the driver to signal. The concern also makes up a special glass side with wood molding to fit under the touring top. It requires normally about four days to install one of these tops, as special brackets and irons have to be made for each ear. Curtains are held securely in place by steel bands bolted to the inside of the body and top frame, sewed securely to top material and back curtain. A curtain equipment for a Marmon 34 roadster and touring car costs $125 and $145 respectively. This Top Is Demountable

“The Limousine Top Co., Kalamazoo, Mich., makes the DeLuxe demountable limousine tops for the Franklin, Premier, Chalmers, Cadillac, Haynes and Liberty cars. In these tops the touring top is not used and the company builds in its own windshield of the rain-vision type. In design and quality these tops compare favorably with a regular limousine body and are painted with fifteen coats of paint. Wood panels are fitted with plate glass set in channel rubber. Blocks and handles are furnished in the demountable top doors, the door locks of the touring body being held back and not in use when the winter top is on. The top section of all door glasses drops down for ventilation, sliding in felt covered steel channel as in limousine construction. Inside is neatly trimmed with back and side tonneau windows provided with silk roll curtains. An electric dome light is furnished also. The side panels and door frames can be easily slipped out, thus making a summer top. When desired side curtains can be provided for storms when the sides are removed. Prices on these tops vary from $275 to $400.

“A complete line of winter tops for all models of cars is made by the Staver Motor Car Co., Chicago, and tops are kept in stock for cars such as Chalmers, Buick, Hudson, Chevrolet, Chandler, Maxwell, Overland. This is made with glass windows and Pyraline windows in the doors, which slide up between the top and the deck lining, and is a permanent sedan top, as the sides are removable for summer. For Fords, Dodge Brothers, Oakland and Oldsmobile models the tops are made entirely with glass windows, with two ventilators, door handles properly upholstered and trimmed. The company is prepared to build for any make of car the Staver Utility or Staver Luxury top. The Utility top is made of wood fitted to each car and covered with material to match the goods of the touring top and the inside to match the lining of the top. It is fitted with heavy Pyraline windows, rear panels hinged for ventilation; japanned outside door handles and inside pull to handles. Prices range from $42.50 to $75 for roadsters and from $65 to $100 for touring cars. The Luxury top is much like the Utility, but glass is used in the panels with anti-rattlers,' nickel-plated door handles, etc. Prices range from $85 to $165 for roadsters and $140 to $225 for touring cars. The company's sedan tops can be installed by the purchaser in about one day. Utility and Luxury tops require about four or five days, as they have to be made up special.

“Inclosure Made by Dealer

“A well designed job of curtain inclosure is that put out by the Schillo Motor Sales Co., Chicago, shown herewith installed on an Elgin six. This inclosure was designed1 by J. F. Cummings and is applicable to any make of car, necessitating, however, that the car be driven to the premises, as it takes about four days for cutting and fitting. The touring top is utilized and the sides are made up to match the top, the inside being lined also the same as the top. The celluloid windows are exceptionally heavy and special attention is given for a snug fit around the sides of the car body, glove fasteners being used extensively. Flaps to keep out the cold are provided over the door handles and the driver is able to signal by a similar flap. The curtains, of course, open with the doors, the latter being ironed and braced for this.

“The Auto Cape Top Co., Chicago, makes a winter top that slips right over the touring top, thus forming double protection against cold. It is thoroughly windproof, as it fits snugly the top edge of the body and its sides are stiffened by light steel strips, thus eliminating any flapping. Doors open and close with curtains attached. Wind strips around the doors make it impossible for wind or rain to penetrate. The job weighs only 35 lb. and costs $55 for a Dodge Brothers touring car and $35 for the roadster. The top is made to match the regular top. The concern points out the fact that this winter top protects the summer top, saves the wear and tear on it and takes care of any small leaks that might exist in the regular top.

“The Rex Mfg. Co., Connersville, Ind., manufactures the Rex all-season top. These are not kept in stock but are sold as standard equipment on cars or through various branches, distributors, and dealers. The Rex tops are not made up with celluloid curtains, but windows are of plate glass. The sides are removable and all tops are equipped with special rain curtains for use in emergencies in summer when the car's sides are removed. The touring top is not utilized, as the Rex replaces same. All tops are regularly equipped with electric dome light, wires being concealed. Ventilation is secured by the sliding glass in the doors, the upper half sliding in velvet-lined channels. The Rex top differs from the conventional types in that it is an all-season affair and once installed need never be removed. In the springtime, it is possible to keep out rain by quick-acting curtains which are hidden in a pocket in the top until handily dropped into position. During the summer, when side panels have been removed, passengers and driver are afforded a clear vision. This is also true when the panels are installed for winter use. The doors fit snugly and open both inside and outside. The interior is upholstered to harmonize with the other appointments of the car, and the general lines of the top are made up to conform to the make and model of car on which it is installed. Ordinarily, the price of the Rex top motor car averages about $200 more than the price of a model that is fitted with a cloth top.

“Another concern which specializes in an all-weather top is the Detroit Weatherproof Body Co., Pontiac, Mich. Tops are kept in stock for Fords, Chevrolets, Overlands, Buick, Maxwell, Hudson, Chalmers, Chandler cars, with prices varying from $87.50 for a Ford roadster to $190 for Hudson Super-Six top. This top displaces the touring top entirely, since it can be opened on all sides, leaving just the windshield and the rear quarter supporting the top. The owner can install this in approximately 3 hr. The rear quarter, back and sides are of glass, the doors being of heavy celluloid sewed into the leather door, being bound around with spring steel, frame reinforced at different points by A-in. round iron. Doors slide in a channel disappearing into the top, where one door slides over the other permitting them to lie flat out of sight, and out of the way when not in use. The operation is similar to the action of a roll-top desk, except that the doors lie flat as mentioned. Dome lights are supplied on some of the models with wires therefor concealed, affording a neat installation. The feature is the double decking air space between top covering and inner lining said to make the tops cool in summer and warm in winter. These tops are attached to the regular body irons of the car and fit flush with the sides. The interior lining and trimming are of limousine cloth. Ventilation is secured by opening the flexible Pyraline in the top of the door which also allows full freedom for traffic signaling. This concern also manufactures a line of winter tops for commercial cars.

“Alvey Eliminates Regular Top

“The Alvey All-Year top made by the Wardway Vehicle Works, Chicago Heights, Ill., eliminates the use of the regular touring top and is made for Fords, Dodge Brothers, and Overland cars. The roof of this type is built of wood on a substantial frame, the back part being also of wood with rounded corners reinforced with heavy galvanized iron. The windows are celluloid. The ceiling is covered with limousine cloth and the cloth lining in the roof fastens with glove fasteners so it may be easily removed when desired. The top weighs from 50 to 75 lb. for roadsters and 75 to 110 lb. for touring models. The top may be changed from a closed to open model in less than 3 min. Curtains can be raised and lowered similar to a window shade. A cloth is attached to the top of the curtain and this cloth winds on a roller pulling the curtain up into the top between the ceiling and roof. Thus the curtains are always in place ready to be pulled down to close the car. The Alvey all-year top costs $65 for Ford roadsters and $85 for touring, while the prices for Dodge Brothers roadster and touring are $85 and $125 respectively. The same is true of the Overland models.

“The A-W convertible top is made for all makes and models of cars by Adams-Williams Mfg. Corp., New York. Cars so fitted, however, have to be taken to the factory for installation, as the company is prepared to ship tops ready for attaching to Fords only. The concern is also prepared to ship skeleton frames or untrimmed tops for variety of makes and models to dealers who are in a position to do their own trimming as well as attaching the tops. The old top is eliminated and the A-W can be attached to a Ford in about 4 hr. The top is made to fold as a one-man top but with the same converging shape characteristic of permanent tops. After the top is raised it takes but a few minutes to install the glass side panels fully and completely inclosed. The glass door panels become a part of the door as in regular inclosed bodies opens and close with the doors, and there are no ugly points or crevices to admit rain or snow. The light window frames are made of steel and the top is so constructed that it will not shrink, rattle or warp.

“The Anchor Top & Body Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, manufactures demountable glass-inclosed tops for Buick, Overland, Oakland, Ford, Dodge Brothers and Oldsmobile cars. Prices range from $77.50 to $250. Tops are installed by both consumers and dealers, and the average length of time required for installing is 4 or 5 hr. The tops are so arranged that doors open with regular body doors, except on Fords, and are equipped with ventilating windows on all four doors. An electric dome light is furnished on all models except the Ford. Anchor tops are made of hard wood, reinforced with pressed steel, and a rigid deck is covered with a weatherproof material while the sides including window and door sections are highly finished wood. The windows are arranged so that the upper or outer panes slide in felt channels. Special. fasteners hold this glass in any position. Installation is easily made, as the top comes ready to be replaced on the car body. The top irons to which the regular extension top is attached are used as the foundation for Anchor tops. Each iron is marked where it is to be used and how it is to be fastened.

“'Over the Top' for Ford cars is a product of the Auto Remodeling Co., Chicago, and consists of a non-supportable top, that is, the top is supported by the present summer top. It fully incloses the car and attaches to the body in a snug and tight manner. Arrangement is such that top and door operate as a unit. This top is made of a heavy mohair and fitted with celluloid, and all edges are bound and heavily reinforced. Large windows afford an abundance of light and by its application, the makers state, the top preserves the standard top, gives a double-deck and double-back curtain and fastens securely to windshield with patented devices. It comes to the user in a paper carton and when unwrapped is ready to slip on. The ventilation is secured by opening the windshield. The price of the touring model is $47.50 and that of the roadster $28.50.

“Top of Limousine Lines

“A winter top for Cadillac cars is made by Erdman-Guider Co., Detroit. This concern does not manufacture tops as a stock provision, nor for any car but Cadillacs, but takes care of special orders. It requires about one day to install this top, and the price averages about $450. This top is built along the lines of a limousine top and is equipped with a three-piece rain vision, ventilating windshield with all three sections adjustable. All windows and door corners are rounded. Plate glass is used throughout, including a large rear window. The whole top is trimmed in tan Bedford cloth with high grade seaming and pasting lace to match. An artistic type flush dome light with cut star globe controlled with an independent limousine switch is furnished. High grade silk curtains with automatic rollers are furnished on three rear windows. The doors are equipped with a limousine handle, which opens both top and door with one operation. Doors open as one solid limousine door. Upper windows in all doors drop for ventilating purposes. The top is painted black. When properly mounted, the top is guaranteed not to rattle or to rub on body and has none of the overhanging effect and fits perfectly. Approximately 250 lb. are added to the weight of the car by the top.

“The Snug-Tite Limoutop Co., Chicago, is marketing a neat winter top for Ford cars selling for $40 for the touring and $30 for the roadster models. The wood sides are made of seasoned poplar carefully mortised together by cabinet makers. The front end of the Limoutop is mortised to fit the windshield securely, and a cross piece connects the two sides, extending across the top and closing the space above the windshield while keeping the side pieces securely fastened against it. This does not interfere with opening the windshield. To equip a Ford with a Limoutop it is only necessary to loosen the nut where the rear bows fasten, then take out the cotter-pin, which holds the front bow, as though one were going to lower the top. The Limoutop slips right in place, there being a special attachment to drop over the iron on a car body to which the bow of the top fastens, thus making the Limoutop as solid as part of the car. The complete job weighs 40 lb. The door of the new top fastens securely to the door on the car, and the two open as one. The exterior is given three coats of black enamel and the interior two. Doors have attractive handles which add to the appearance, and plenty of light is afforded by use of large transparent celluloid panes which are unusually heavy. The company is prepared to furnish this type for Fords ranging as far back as 1914, which model cannot be fitted owing to the slanting windshield.

“The Fouts & Hunter Co., Terre Haute, Ind., makes the Cozy top for Ford roadsters and touring cars. The company uses 44-oz. material known as Carrubber. In the making of the roof a solid side and end piece frame similar to limousine construction gives the thin flat lines characteristic of high grade closed cars. The strong feature of this top is the automatic curtain. It is always ready and yet never in the way. It is out of sight under the" roof when an open car is wanted but can be drawn into position in an instant. These tops can be attached by anyone in a short time, as they come with fittings adjustable to the regular Ford top irons. The price of the Cozy roadster top is $59 and that of the touring $83.50. The weight of the roadster and touring type are 55 and 75 lb. respectively.

“The Roy Top Co., Chicago, makes special winter tops, glass side inclosures and curtain attachments. All this work is made to order. The glass side inclosures range in price from $75 to $250, while the curtain attachment runs from $25 to $75, depending on the size and make of car. The glass inclosures are made of wood framework with all plate glass windows and doors while the curtain attachment uses a steel framework for the doors and is covered with top material having large celluloid windows and convenient door handles. Electric dome lights and switches are installed when so desired. The regular touring top is used in all the various forms of inclosures made by this concern. Glass side jobs and curtain adjustments must be installed at the factory for the first fitting, but thereafter the customer can remove or install his own top in two hours. A special feature on the glass inclosure is the catch for raising and lowering the glass for ventilation. Also special handle with bracket which operates the lock on the lower door.

“A convertible all-season sedan body is made by William Pheiffer Auto & Carriage Works, of Omaha, Neb., which utilizes the regular windshield. Arrangement is such that the side panels can be added very readily with doors of both top and body opening as unit. This concern builds winter cabs, also for trucks and closed bodies for various makes of cars.”

Literatur

• Hugo Pfau: The Coachbuilt Packard. Dalton-Watson Ltd. London/Motorbooks International, Minneapolis 1973, ISBN 0-901564-10-9 (englisch).
• Beverly Rae Kimes (Hrsg.) und Henry Austin Clark jr.: The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942. 2. Auflage, Krause Publications, Iola WI 54990, USA 1985, ISBN 0-87341-111-0 (englisch).
• Tad Burness: American Car Spotter’s Guide, 1940–65. Motorbooks International, ISBN 0-87938-057-8 (englisch).
• Tad Burness: American Car Spotter’s Guide, 1966–80. Motorbooks International, ISBN 0-87938-102-7 (englisch).

Weblinks

• coachbuilt.com: Terminology (Englisch) (abgerufen am 1. September 2013)
• coachbuilt.com: Automobile Tops. (Englisch) (abgerufen am 8. Juni 2017)
• The New York Times vom 20. August 1916: What's What in Automobile Bodies Officially Determined; Karosseriebezeichnungen gemäss Nomenclature Division der Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE; heute Society of Automomotive Engineers) (Englisch) (abgerufen am 1. September 2013)
• Imperialclub.org: Register der Autokarosserien; Karosseriebezeichnungen nach Standard nomenclature for body styles. der Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE; heute Society of Automomotive Engineers, ca. 1920) (Englisch) (abgerufen am 1. September 2013)
• american-automobiles.com: George White Buggy Co. (Englisch) (abgerufen am 26. Januar 2013)
• rockisland.civicplus.com: George O. White und sein Wohnhaus an der 603 23rd Street (Englisch) (abgerufen am 27. Januar 2013)
• rockisland.civicplus.com: Philemon Libby Mitchell (Englisch) (abgerufen am 27. Januar 2013)
• rockisland.civicplus.com: Phil Mitchell (Englisch) (abgerufen am 27. Januar 2013)
• rockislandpreservation.org: Frank Mixter (Englisch) (abgerufen am 27. Januar 2013)