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Olivua Sage (1910)

Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage (* 8. September 1828 in Syracuse, New York; † 4. November 1918 in New York City), bekannt als Olivia Sage, war eine US-amerikanische Philanthropologin, die in der Bildung und fortschrittliche Zwecke förderte. Sie wurde 1869 die zweite Ehefrau des Industriellen Russell Sage. Nach seinem Tod 1906 erbte sie sein Vermögen, das auf 63.000.000 US-Dollar geschätzt wurde und über das sie nach eigenem Ermessen verfügte.

Als frühere Lehrerin unterstützte Sage vor allem Bildungseinrichtungen, so spendete sie der Syracuse University und anderen Universitäten sowohl Beiträge für Bildungsgänge als auch Gebäude. Sie gründete 1907 die Russell Sage Foundation und 1916 das Russell Sage College sowie Stiftungsprogramme für Frauen.

Frühe Jahre und Bildung

Olivia Slocum wurde in Syracuse im Bundesstaat New York als Tochter von Margaret Pierson und Joseph Slocum geboren. In Folge der Wirtschaftskrise von 1837 mit dem Rückgang des Kanalverkehrs nach dem Bau von Eisenbahnen im ganzen Staat, begannen die Unternehmen und Geschäfte ihres Vaters zusammenzubrechen. Trotz der finanziellen Engpässe der Vaters besuchte Olivia Slocum Privatschule und erhielt einen Abschluss am Troy Female Seminary.

Karriere

Olivia Slocum verdiente ihren eigenen Lebensunterhalt durch Unterricht, den sie 20 Jahre lang in Syracuse und Philadelphia gab. Ihr Vater erholte sich nach der Krise nicht mehr und 1857 verkaufte er, schwer an Tuberkolose erkrankt, den Familienwohnsitz in Syracuse, so dass Olivia Slocum und ihre Mutter zu Verwandten ziehen mussten.

Während des Amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs zog sie nach Philadelphia um, wo sie bei einer reichen Familie als Gouvernante arbeitete. Außerdem leistete sie Freiwilligendienst in einem Militärkrankenhaus.

Hochzeit und Familie

In 1869, at age 41, Olivia Slocum married 53-year old Russell Sage, a widower, financier and railroad executive. He was a cousin of Colonel Ira Yale Sage of the Yale family. They had no children. She became involved in activities defined by her role as his wife.

In 1906, Sage died and left his entire fortune of about $70 million to Olivia, with no stipulations on how she may use it.

Philanthropy

Her philosophy was encapsulated in her article, "Opportunities and Responsibilities of Leisured Women", including "helping the unfortunate by providing them with a good environment, opportunity for self-support and individual responsibility, and protection from the unscrupulous." Mrs. Sage donated Constitution Island to the federal government as an addition to West Point.

In 1905, Olivia Sage told Syracuse University that she would purchase Yates Castle and its surrounding property to house a teachers' college. This independent project demonstrated her attachment to Syracuse, her identification as a teacher, and her commitment to women's education.Vorlage:Citation needed In 1909, she donated $50,000 to Syracuse on her birthday.

Sage became a patron of E. Lilian Todd (the first woman in the world to design airplanes) after seeing Todd's first airplane design at an exhibition at Madison Square Gardens in 1906.Vorlage:Citation needed

In 1915, Mrs. Russell Sage (as she is referred to in records) purchased the National Training School in Durham, North Carolina from Thomas A. Gorman. Gorman had previously acquired the school for $25,100. The institution, which is now known as North Carolina Central University, had originally belonged to Dr. James E. Shepard, who lost ownership due to debt. After buying the school from Gorman, Mrs. Sage returned control of the institution to Dr. Shepard and a new board of trustees.

Russell Sage Foundation

Her greatest single gift was $10,000,000 in 1907 to establish and endow the Russell Sage Foundation. It commissions studies of social issues and recommends solutions.

In 1908 Slocum Sage donated $650,000 to Yale University, enabling the purchase of the Hillhouse property for what was developed as the university's Science Hill. In 1909, Sage donated Holder Hall to Princeton University, named after her Quaker ancestor Christopher Holder. He had been persecuted in colonial Massachusetts for his religion.Vorlage:Citation needed

Cornell University

A portrait of Mrs. Sage inside Risley Hall at Cornell

Two years later, Sage gave $300,000 to Cornell University for the construction of a women's dormitory, Risley Hall, named after her mother-in-law. Her promotion of women's education also included funding the construction of the Olivia Josselyn House in 1912, named for her grandmother, at Vassar College, a women's college.Vorlage:Citation needed

Marsh Island

In 1912, Sage acquired Marsh Island in the Gulf of Mexico, dedicating it as a refuge for birds and other wildlife.Vorlage:Citation needed She gifted the island to the state of Louisiana in 1920, which continued the preservation of habitats and wildlife.

Russell Sage College

In 1916, Sage founded Russell Sage College in Troy, New York as a comprehensive college for women. The college is located within what has since been designated as the historic district of Troy, an area that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. RSC offers liberal arts and professional degree programs.Vorlage:Citation needed

Pierson Middle-High School

Financing to build Pierson Middle-High School was gifted by Sage. It was named for her maternal ancestor Abraham Pierson, one of the early European settlers of Long Island. The school was completed in 1908 at the cost of $102,000.

Sag Harbor

Olivia Slocum Sage regularly spent her summers at a house in Sag Harbor, New York, a former whaling and fishing village on eastern Long Island. She organized the effort to build a library in the village, and donated most of the funds. She named the library in honor of her grandfather Major John Jermain, who fought in the American Revolution. The library was designed by Augustus N. Allen; she presented it in 1910 as a gift to the people of the village. The land cost $10,000, and was directly across from Sage's summer home on Main Street.Vorlage:Citation needed

Olivia Sage's summer residence for many years in the village was later adapted for use as the town's Sag Harbor Whaling Museum. In 2017, in honor of the 100th anniversary of women receiving the right to vote in New York State, the William G. Pomeroy Foundation gained approval for installation of a historic roadside marker outside Sage's former Sag Harbor home to acknowledge her contributions to the suffragist movement.

Estate

The historian Ruth Crocker has studied how Sage provided in her will for distribution of more wealth: her legacy had fifty-two equal parts. Nineteen named educational institutions received one part, or about $800,000 each. She made larger bequests to the following of $1.6 million each: the Emma Willard School, the Woman's Hospital, the Children's Aid Society, the Charity Organization Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, and Syracuse University. She also provided large donations in her will to a variety of churches, missions, and other religious causes.

By her bequest, Sage donated $2,750,000 posthumously for the development of the Russell Sage Foundation Homes in 1919, a suburban community at Forest Hills Gardens, Queens. In addition she gave extensively to the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and the Emma Willard School, both in Troy. These contributions included funds donated by Sage that supported major improvements on Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's campus: construction of the Russell Sage Dining Hall in 1916, named after Sage's nephew who graduated in 1859; and $1,000,000 for the development of Russell Sage Laboratory. This was the base of Rensselaer's Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.

Sage also contributed to the National Training School in Durham, North Carolina (now North Carolina Central University), founded by James E. Shepard for black teachers and affiliated with the Chautauqua movement. Up to 1915, the sum total of Sage's gifts surpassed $23,000,000.Vorlage:Citation needed

References

• Crocker, Ruth, Mrs. Russell Sage: Women's Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 2006, Vorlage:ISBN

Further reading

• Crocker, Ruth. "From Widow's Mite to Widow's Might: The Philanthropy of Margaret Olivia Sage." Journal of Presbyterian History (American Presbyterians) 74, no. 4, Winter 1996, 253–264.
• --------------. "The History of Philanthropy as Life-History: A Biographer's View of Mrs. Russell Sage." In Philanthropic Foundations: New Scholarship, New Possibilities, ed. Ellen Lagemann. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, 318–328.
• --------------. " 'I Only Ask You Kindly to Divide Some of Your Fortune with Me': Begging Letters and the Transformation of Charity in Late 19th Century America." Social Politics 6, Summer 1999, 131–160.
• --------------. "Mrs. Russell Sage: 'Private Griefs and Public Duties'", In Ordinary Women, Extraordinary Lives: Women in American History, ed. Kriste Lindenmeyer. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2000, 147–159.
• --------------. Splendid Donation: A Life of Philanthropist Mrs. Russell Sage, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.

de Forest, Robert W. "Margaret Olivia Sage, Philanthropist." The Survey 41, 1918, 151.

• Gleason, Arthur Huntington. "Mrs. Russell Sage and Her Interests." The World's Work 13, November 1906, 8182–8186.
• Hammack, David C. "The Russell Sage Foundation, 1907-1947: An Historical Introduction." In The Russell Sage Foundation: Social Research and Social Action in America, 1907-1947, Frederick, MD: UPA Academic Editions, 1988, 1–14.

External links

• Vorlage:Find a Grave
• Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage, Internet Accuracy Project
• "Mrs. Russell Sage Digital Collection", Auburn University Libraries
• "Josselyn House", Vassar College

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sage, Margaret Olivia Slocum}} [[Category:1828 births]] [[Category:1918 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century American philanthropists]] [[Category:American governesses]] [[Category:American women educators]] [[Category:Educators from New York (state)]] [[Category:Emma Willard School alumni]] [[Category:Founders of American schools and colleges]] [[Category:Founders of learned societies]] [[Category:People from Sag Harbor, New York]] [[Category:People from Syracuse, New York]] [[Category:Philanthropists from New York (state)]] [[Category:Russell Sage Foundation]] [[Category:The Sage Colleges]] [[Category:Schoolteachers from New York (state)]] [[Category:University and college founders]] [[Category:American women founders]]