Benutzer:Kurator71/Greek landing at Smyrna

Die griechsiche Ladnung in Symarna war eine Militäroperation griechischer Streitkräfte, die am 15. Mai 1919 mit der Landung griechischer Steitzkräfte an der Küste von Symrna (heute Izmir) und der Umgebung begann. Die Allierten des ersten Wektkrieges (Vereinigtes Königreich, Vereinigte Staaten, Frankreich, Russland, Italien und Japan) überwachten die Planung der Operation und wiesen ihre Streitkräfte an, einige wichtige Standorte zu übernehmen und Kriegsschiffe in den Hafen von Smyrna zu verlegen. In der Folge kam es s kam zu erheblichen Gewalttaten an den griechischen Bürgern von Smyrna. Das Ereignis führte zu einer dreijährigen griechischen Besetzung von Smyrna und war ein bedeutender Auslöser für den [[]Griechisch-Türkischer Krieg|Griechisch-Türkischen Krieg] (1919–1922).

Prelude

Mit dem ende des Ersten Weltkrieges (1914–1918) und dem Waffenstillstand Mudros, der den Kreig des Osmanischen Reiches gegen die Allierten beendete, begann man Friedensgespräche mit dem Fokus auf eine Teilung des Osmanischen Reiches. Während der Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919 landetern italienische Truppen an der türkischen Küste bei Antalya und begannen mit der Truppenverlegung in Richtung Symrna. Als die Italiener das Pariser Treffen aus Protest gegen den Verlauf verließen, drängten der britische Premierminister David Lloyd George und der griechische Premierminister Eleftherios Venizelos in den Friedensverhandlungen auf die Verabshciedugn eines Berichts, in dem behauptet wurde, die christliche Bevölkerung sei direkt bedroht, um Frankreich und die USA zu überzeugen, einer griechischen Übernahme des Vilayet Aidin zu unterstützen. Borders and terms of the Greek occupation were not decided but in early May 1919, the Allied powers supported Greek troops landing in Smyrna and moved a number of battleships into the area to prepare for the landing.

While negotiations were still in progress, Venizelos informed Clemenceau of the deterioration of the situation in Aidin Vilayet, where the local governor, Nureddin Pasha, was ordering Muslim groups to commit excesses against the Greek population. The British intelligence was also informed of the deterioration of law and order in the area and the Italian role in provoking this situation. In early May, Venizelos reported instances of Italian–Turkish cooperation to the Supreme Allied Council and requested that Allied vessels should be sent to Smyrna. This request, although initially accepted by the Council, was not carried out immediately. Under this context, the British Prime Minister and the Foreign Office were the main supporters of the Greek landing, with the purpose "to restore public order and forestall the massacres".

Turkish reactions

The Society for the Defense of Ottoman Rights in Izmir (İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti) was organized to prepare for the arrival of Greek troops. Nureddin Pasha was appointed governor of the Aidin Vilayet and Aidin Area Command (Aydın Bölge Komutanlığı), and supported activities of the Society for the Defense of Ottoman Rights in Izmir. But he resigned under pressure of the Allied Powers. "Kambur" Ahmed Izzet Bey was appointed as new governor on March 11, and retired general Ali Nadir Pasha was appointed to the post of military commander on March 22, 1919.

Allied fleet

In the early weeks of May 1919, allied warships entered the area to prepare for the operation. British Admiral Somerset Gough-Calthorpe was the primary commander for the operation involving British, U.S., French, Italian, and Greek forces. On May 11, 1919, Rear Admiral Mark L. Bristol, the Commander of US Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters), came to Izmir from Istanbul on a battleship. The British forces would occupy Karaburun and Uzunada, French forces would occupy Urla and Foça, Greek forces would occupy Yenikale fortress.

The Greek landing

Greek troops marching on Izmir's coastal street, May 1919

Article from The New York Times, May 17, 1919

On the afternoon of May 11, 1919, the Commander of the 1st Infantry Division of the Hellenic Army, positioned in Kavala, Colonel Nikolaos Zafeiriou, received orders for the operation. The next morning, the landing force, consisting of 13,000 soldiers, as well as auxiliary personnel, 14 transport ships and escorted by 3 British and 4 Greek destroyers, headed to Smyrna. Zafeiriou's order to his soldiers, who learned about their destination only after the departure, was the following: Vorlage:Quotation

On May 14, 1919, the Greek mission in Smyrna read a statement announcing that Greek troops would be arriving the next day in the city. Smith reports that this news was "received with great emotion" by the Greek population of the city while thousands of Turkish residents gathered in the hill that night lighting fires and beating drums in protest. Later, translations of proclamations issued by the Turks during this occasion, showed that the intention was not purely pacific resistance. The same night, several hundred prisoners, mostly Turks, were released from a prison, with the complicity of the Ottoman authorities and Italian major in charge of the prison. Some of them armed purchased arms from a depot near the barracks.

The Greek occupation of Smyrna started the following day, where thousands were gathered on the seafront, waving Greek flags on the docks where the Greek troops were expected to arrive. The Metropolitan of Smyrna, Chrysostomos of Smyrna blessed the first troops as they arrived at 08:00. A colonel, who had neither the will nor the prestige to force himself relentlessly on his men, was in charge of the operation and neither the appointed High Commissioner nor high-ranking military individuals were there for the landing resulting in miscommunication and a breakdown of discipline. Most significantly, this resulted in the 1/38 Evzone Regiment landing north of where they were to take up their post. As a result, they had to march south passing a large part of the Greek crowds celebrating the landing and also the Ottoman government Konak and the barracks of Ottoman troops. A Turk fired a shot (Smith indicates that no one knows who fired the shot) and chaos resulted with the Greek troops firing multiple shots into the Konak and the barracks. The Ottoman troops surrendered and the Greek regiment begun marching them up the coast to a ship to serve as a temporary prison. Allied officers in the harbor reported seeing Greek troops bayoneting multiple Turkish prisoners during the march and then saw them thrown into the sea. Prisoners were forced to shout "Long live Venizelos!" and "Long live Greece!". Donald Whittall, a British citizen and one of the few neutral observers during the landing, remarked about the treatment of Turkish prisoners, "They were made to go through no humiliation and received a good deal". But Whittall estimated that thirty unarmed prisoners were slaughtered. The captain of Anmerkung: HMS – manchmal auch mit Satzzeichen geschrieben als H.M.S. – ist ein Akronym bzw. Abkürzung für „His Majesty's Ship“ oder „Her Majesty's Ship“ (englisch „Seiner bzw. Ihrer Majestät Schiff“) und ist seit 1789 das offizielle Namenspräfix, welches alle Kriegsschiffe im Dienst der britischen Marine führen. reported that a Turkish officer, marching with his hands up, veered out of line. He was hit by a Greek soldier's rifle butt on the back of his head. When he tried to stand up he was hit again and bayoneted, before the top of his head was blown off.

Violence and disorder followed the landing and Greek troops and Greek citizens of Smyrna participated in these actions. Some shops belonging to Jews were also plundered by Greek soldiers. For the days following the landing, Greek troops arbitrarily detained around 2,500 people. Looting of Turkish houses in the city and in the surrounding areas began on the night of May 15 and continued for many days after that. The Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry reported that: Vorlage:Quotation

A photo of the Greek landing

Greek troops loading artillery

Admiral Calthorpe left the area on May 21 and on May 23, the Greek commander in the area went against orders issued by the Allies and Venizelos by ordering the expansion of military operations in Aydın and Şuhut. These operations initially did not face significant resistance, but ethnic violence erupted along the way leading to significant violence and chaos; particularly in the Battle of Aydın from May 27 until June 27, 1919. In many areas, Greek forces demobilized the Ottoman police and then left the area resulting in Turkish mobs looting Greek property and killing Greek citizens. This was retaliation for atrocities committed by Greek soldiers and civilians in Smyrna and the surrounding area against Turks.

When the atrocities were exposed and condemned by the British House of Commons on 26 June, Venizelos faced British diplomatic pressure to conduct an official inquiry. Court martial in August 15, 1919 led by the Greek High Commissioner for the violence on May 15 and May 16 pronounced 74 convictions (including 48 Greeks, 13 Turks, 12 Armenians and one Jew).

According to the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry, the casualties on 15 May were as follows: Greek army (2 killed, 6 wounded); 100 Greek civilians (20 killed, 20 drowned, 60 wounded); 300-400 Turkish civilians killed or wounded. Eyewitnesses in Smyrna reported higher civilian casualties among the Turks. The U.S. Naval Officer of the Vorlage:USS, which was berthed at Smyrna harbor, estimated 300-500 Turks killed with a total of 700-1000 casualties. Regarding the Greek casualties, he estimated 2 killed and 15-20 wounded soldiers, 20-30 killed and 40-50 wounded civilians Reverend MacLachlan, a Canadian in charge of the international college at Smyrna, estimated 400-600 Turks killed.

Impacts

The Greek army from the first started showing the signs that they had not come for a temporary occupation but rather for a permanent annexation; to incorporate western Anatolia into Greece. This intention was already clear to some Turks after seeing which territories that Greeks had occupied. The Turkish reaction to these developments was anger, resulting in violence in the region. After the initial shock of the landing, Turkish groups started retaliating by committing excesses against the civilian Greek communities residing outside of the occupation zone. While there were large demonstrations against Allied Forces in Istanbul, in Anatolia first armed clash occurred on 28 May at Ödemiş between a small body of Turks and Greek army. Afterwards, Turkish guerrilla warfare flared up along the line of Greek advance.

The Greek landing created the Smyrna Zone that administered the area from 1919 until September 9, 1922. After the violence in May 1919, many of the allies began to limit their support for the operation: France and Italy all became resistant to permanent Greek occupation and the stillborn Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 gave administrative control of the area to Greece, while Turkey would retain sovereignty, with permanent sovereignty to be decided after 5 years. The Greek occupation ended when Turkish forces entered Smyrna (İzmir) on September 9, 1922.

See also

• Megali Idea
• Occupation of Smyrna
• Hasan Tahsin

Bibliography

• Celal Erikan, Komutan Atatürk, Cilt I-II, Üçüncü Basım, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001, Vorlage:ISBN. Vorlage:Tr icon
• Hakkı Güvendik, Türk İstiklâl Harbi, Batı Cephesi, Yunanlıların Batı Anadolu'da İstila Hareketlerine Başlamaları, İzmir’in İşgali, Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Samsun’a Çıkması, Millî Mukavemet'in Kurulması (May 15ıs – 4 Eylül 1919), Cilt 2, Kısım. 1, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1963. Vorlage:Tr icon
• Michael Llewellyn-Smith, Ionian Vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922., C. Hurst, 1999, London, New edition, 2nd impression.
• Zekeriya Türkmen, Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918–1920), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, Vorlage:ISBN. Vorlage:Tr icon
• Victoria Solomonidis: Greece in Asia Minor: The Greek Administration in the Vilayet of Aydin. University of London, King's College, 1984, abgerufen am 5. Juni 2014. 

External links

• Greek Occupation of Izmir and Adjoining Territories: Report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May–September 1919), SAM, 1999.
• Greek atrocities in the Vilayet of Smyrna (May to July 1919) Inedited documents and evidence of English and French officers, published by the Permanent bureau of the Turkish Congress in Lausanne

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Dumlupinar}} [[Category:Conflicts in 1919]] [[Category:Battles of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Smyrna landing 1919]] [[Category:1919 in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:1919 in Greece]] [[Category:Aidin Vilayet]] [[Category:History of Aydın Province]] [[Category:History of Izmir Province]] [[Category:History of Balıkesir Province]] [[Category:History of Izmir]] [[Category:History of Ayvalık]] [[Category:May 1919 events]]