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Wikipedia: Motivation und Beteiligung

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(Stand ausser des letzten Eintrags ist Nov. 2014, Hervorhebungen und Verlinkungen durch mich)

Papers/Medien

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(chronologisch)

„Während ich in der Wikipedia mein Wissen gegen eine vorhandene Gruppe von Menschen beweisen, rechtfertigen und verteidigen muss, kann ich es auf Twitter oder Facebook einfach posten... Insofern ist die Krise der Wikipedia ein Sinnbild für die Krise der digitalen Gesellschaft und damit der Gesellschaft im Ganzen. Das Internet hat uns Möglichkeiten der Kommunikation gezeigt, die so frei sind, dass wir uns nicht mehr einigen müssen.“

„There’s nothing inherently wrong with a young, white, child-free man’s perspective, of course– it’s just that there are tons of other perspectives in the world that should influence how a story gets told.“

  • Halfaker A, Gieger RS, et al.: The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System: How Wikipedia's reaction to sudden popularity is causing its decline. American Behavioral Scientist 2013 (key findings, download)

„2007, Participation entered a period of decline... This paper makes three contributions to understanding the declining retention in this context. First, we implicate Wikipedia’s primary quality control mechanism, the rejection of unwanted contributions, as a strong, negative predictor of the retention of high quality newcomers and show that these newcomers’ contributions are being rejected at an increasing rate. Next, we show how algorithmic tools,... exacerbate the effect of rejection on desirable newcomer retention and circumvent Wikipedia’s conflict resolution process. Finally, we show how calcification has made Wikipedia’s policy environment less adaptable and increased the difficulty of contributing to community rules – especially for newcomers...

Changes in the community’s views toward the project’s goals could also be a cause of increased rejection. ... Jimmy Wales urged Wikipedians to change their focus from quantity to quality. ... There are also external pressures for Wikipedia to tighten its review process.“

„Das Engagement will die gemeinnützige Stiftung zudem mit Schulungen, Stipendien und speziellen Programmen für Länder wie Indien und Brasilien sowie die arabische Welt steigern.“

„Nur knapp 10 Prozent der Mitarbeiter sind weiblich. Und Mitarbeiter aus dem «Süden der Welt» seien ebenfalls unterrepräsentiert, mahnt die Wikimedia-Stiftung. Die Geschlechterkluft will sie indirekt verkleinern, indem sie Schulungen anbietet, in denen mindestens 50 Prozent der Teilnehmer Frauen sind.“

„Neue Freiwillige sagen uns, dass sie sich nicht willkommen fühlen. ... Man muss Menschen zeigen, welches Verhalten erwünscht ist und unterstützt wird.“

„The Wikipedians of the world will unite today in the first Great American Wiknic, a Wiki-Picnic for editors of the online encyclopedia. “We can do outreach projects, but we also want to have fun sometimes, too.”“

  • Lam SK, Uduwage A, Det al.: WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance. WikiSym 2011 Mountain View, CA. ACM, NY 2011 (pp. 1-10). (PDF)

„Wikipedia has relatively few female editors, and they leave Wikipedia sooner than males. The gender gap has not been shrinking over time. Coverage of “female” topics is inferior to coverage of “male” topics. Female newcomers are reverted more than males. Females are more likely to be indefinitely blocked.“

„Issues of lack of time and unfamiliar technology aside, the biggest barrier to more participation may be the academic ego. Academics get ahead primarily by writing papers and winning grant proposals. "Unfortunately, there is no reward system set up in academia for us to contribute our knowledge in Wikipedia". Likewise, on Wikipedia, no one knows they are experts, causing fears that contributions will be edited out... One of the most rewarding aspects can be in helping shape the public image of their field, say contributors.“

„Wikipedia is experiencing the same problems of the offline world, where women are less willing to assert their opinions in public... According to the OpEd Project, a participation rate of roughly 85-to-15 percent, men to women, is common — whether members of Congress, or writers on The New York Times and Washington Post Op-Ed pages... Ms. Gardner said that for now she was trying to use subtle persuasion and outreach through her foundation to welcome all newcomers to Wikipedia, rather than advocate for women-specific remedies like recruitment or quotas.“

  • Stegbauer C, Currie M: Cultural transformations in wikipedia or 'from emancipation to product ideology'. An interview with Christian Stegbauer. In: Lovink G, Tkacz N (eds), INC Reader #7 - Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader. Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam 2011, ISBN 978-90-78146-13-1, (Download): p. 342-50

„The original ideology driving Wikipedia I call ‘emancipation ideology’, and it can be said two main forms. First is the key concept that everyone can participate: if everyone were to contribute a part of her knowledge, so the idea goes, it would result in a compendium of ‘global knowledge’... Secondly, ... that extant knowledge should be available to all without any barriers to accessibility. ... Wikipedia should create equal opportunities for anyone seeking information...

I propose the terms ‘product ideology’ to describe Wikipedia’s current emphases on quality over democratic participation. Experience definitely is a crucial factor driving this ideological transformation... IPs, or unregistered users, are often regarded as especially untrustworthy. Although newcomers are theoretically welcome, they are considered problematic for causing additional work... Here, a ‘ruling class’ has emerged, composed at the top by formally endorsed administrators... If admins convert the product ideology into negotiation tactics, ‘normal’ users label it ‘capricious’ – administrators should on no account have more to say than other users do. But they possess access to the buttons...

In the current phase of Wikipedia, to summarize what I was saying, we found that cultural differences are beginning to emerge at the uppermost level of the project, where product ideology becomes a justification for activities. Conflicts develop between the few who are socially integrated and those who are formally accepted as core users (admins or participants in internal organizational decision-making) and between both of these groups and those on the periphery. Our 2006 research compared content on user pages from their original starting date to the present. 13 We noticed a transformation from emancipation to product ideology among those who had reached leadership status, but not for ones less integrated...

And again, ideology itself is a meaningful driver of activity but is always being developed and changed during disputes. Action and justification for action should not diverge too much – when it does, ideology must change alongside these changing actions. Yet in this case, we see that emancipation ideology, even if it isn’t always reflected in current practices, is still useful for fundraising and attracting new volunteers and negotiating disputes and as a part of Wikipedia’s collective memory.“

  • Choi B, Alexander K, et al.: Socialization tactics in wikipedia and their effects. In: CSCW-10: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work. ACM New York, NY, USA 2010, ISBN: 978-1-60558-795-0: pp. 107-116 doi:10.1145/1718918.1718940 (PDF)

„We identified the seven socialization tactics used most frequently: invitations to join, welcome messages, requests to work on project-related tasks, offers of assistance, positive feedback on a new member's work, constructive criticism, and personal-related comments. Whereas most newcomers contributed fewer edits over time, the declines were slowed or reversed for those socialized with welcome messages, assistance, and constructive criticism. In contrast, invitations led to steeper declines in edits.“

  • Yang H, Lai C (Taipei): Motivations of Wikipedia content contributors. Computers in Human Behavior Volume 26, Issue 6, November 2010, Pages 1377–1383. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.04.011.

„The analytical results showed that internal self-concept motivation is the key motivation for knowledge sharing on Wikipedia.“

  • Krieger M, Stark EM, Klemmer SR: Coordinating tasks on the commons: designing for personal goals, expertise and serendipity. CHI (pp. 1485-1494). CHI '09 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: ACM New York, NY, USA 2009, 978-1-60558-246-7: 1485-1494 doi:10.1145/1518701.1518927 (PDF)

„For those beginning editors who don’t regularly participate in Recent Changes Patrol, the task of choosing what to edit is less clearly defined. The practice of watching pages through the Watchlist has been previously documented, but beginning editors are less likely to use it for finding tasks to do. As these editors often have not yet joined a WikiProject or carved out an area of interest, the feeling of “there’s nothing for me to do, I’m not an expert in anything” was common among interviewees.“

  • Panciera K, Halfaker A, Terveen L: Wikipedians are born, not made: a study of power editors on Wikipedia. GROUP '09 Proceedings of the ACM 2009 international conference on Supporting group work. ACM New York, NY, USA 2009, ISBN: 978-1-60558-500-0: pp. 51-60. doi:10.1145/1531674.1531682

„A small fraction of editors --Wikipedians -- do most of the work and produce most of the value. We show that the amount of work done by Wikipedians and non-Wikipedians differs significantly from their very first day. Our results suggest a design opportunity: customizing the initial user experience to improve retention and channel new users' intense energy.“

„S. 80: Die erste zu nehmende Hürde bei der Entwicklung zum Wikipedianer ist also, dass der eigene Initialbeitrag akzeptiert wird....

S. 102: Durch die Begrüßung und die Reaktionen auf den neuen Teilnehmer wird dem Neuling sofort ein Platz zugewiesen. Diese Wirkung mag nicht intendiert sein, sie wirkt wohl aber dennoch im beschriebenen Sinne strukturbildend...

S. 176: Damit steht in Zusammenhang, dass es zwar keinen „Chefredakteur“ gibt, die „Macht“ in Wikipedia aber auf eine Konzentration bei einer „Kerncommunity“ zuläuft, deren Zugang für neue Teilnehmer sehr beschränkt ist. Man findet häufig informell entstandene und meist unausgesprochene Vereinbarungen über Verantwortlichkeiten...

S. 252: In der Mehrzahl der Fälle verringert sich das Aktivitätsniveau nach dem persönlichen Kennenlernen der anderen Wikipedianer. Unserer Auffassung nach lässt sich dies vor allem so erklären, dass es besonders Neulingen nicht immer gelingt, in einen Kreis, der sich untereinander bereits kennt, aufgenommen zu werden....

S. 279: In Kapitel 4 hatten wir festgestellt, dass sich mit der Zeit die Einstellung der Aktivisten in Wikipedia wandelt. Der Wandel hängt mit organisatorischen und von außen auferlegten Zwängen zusammen. Im Einzelnen handelt es sich um einen Wandel von einer „Aufklärungsideologie“ hin zu einer „Produktideologie“. Stichworte für die Aufklärungsideologie sind, „jeder kann teilnehmen“, die „Befreiung“ des Wissens aus den Zwängen des Copyrights und der „Basar“ gegenüber der „Kathedrale“. Die Produktideologie hingegen steht in einem Zusammenhang damit, die beste Enzyklopädie zu erstellen und damit in einen Wettbewerb mit etablierten Nachschlagewerken zu treten.

S. 306: Möchte man Teilnehmer gewinnen, müsste auf diese Situation Rücksicht genommen werden – es müsste Neuen einfach gemacht werden, in eine Position einzurücken. Dies könnte etwa geschehen, in dem gesagt wird: Wir brauchen Teilnehmer, die diese oder jene Funktion übernehmen.“

  • Kriplean T [1], Beschastnikh I, McDonald DW (Washington, DC): Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars. CSCW '08. Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work: Pages 47-56. ACM New York, NY, USA 2008. ISBN: 978-1-60558-007-4 doi:10.1145/1460563.1460573 Volltext, PDF

„The system does not expose individuals’ reputation scores. If the Wikipedia community chooses to reveal editors’ computed reputations, we strongly encourage the adoption of a reputation model more reflective of the range of valued work.“

„A random sample of 370 Wikipedians were emailed. A total of 151 valid responses were received (40.8% response rate), of which 140 (92.7%) were from males. The respondents’ mean age was 30.9, and on average they have been contributing content to Wikipedia 2.3 years. The top motivations (Clary 1998) were found to be Fun and Ideology, whereas Social, Career, and Protective were not found to be strong motivations for contribution.“

  • Kuznetsov S (New York): Motivations of contributors to Wikipedia. Newsletter ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society Homepage archive, Volume 36 Issue 2, June 2006, doi:10.1145/1215942.1215943 Volltext

„Wikipedians enjoy a sense of accomplishment, collectivism, and benevolence, while working with exceptional freedom and ease. The values of reputation, community, reciprocity, altruism and autonomy are fostered both by the people and the technology, effectively.“

„The goal of Wikipedia is fun for the contributors.“

– Jimbo

„The founder of Wikipedia on Friday urged contributors to the free internet encyclopedia to put more emphasis on quality instead of quantity.“

  • Forte A, Bruckman A: Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing. SIGGROUP 2005 Workshop: Sustaining community. CiteSeerX: 10.1.1.120.7906. Volltext, PDF

„Two rounds of interviews with 22 volunteer encyclopedia writers revealed that, in some respects, the incentive system resembles that of the scientific community... That means ... incentive economies that allow productive participants to achieve higher levels of efficacy and responsibility in the community. If a participant wants to accrue more credibility, one way to do so is by participating in multiple channels; this requires a substantial time commitment.“

  • Ciffolilli A (Ancona): Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia. First Monday, [S.l.], Dec. 2003. ISSN 13960466. Available at: [2]. doi:10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108

„The reputation of Wikipedians grows with the number of their contributions. By visiting the previous version pages of each article, it is possible to go back to its author or authors. However, the names or the nicknames of the authors, unlike print encyclopaedias, do not appear at the bottom of the articles. In my view, this is a pity because the possibility to directly show the names of the authors would represent a powerful incentive and a strong gratification for contributors.“

  • Clary E, Snyder M, et al. (St. Paul, MI): Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. J. Personality and Social Psychology 1998 Jun;74(6):1516-30. PMID 9654757. Volltext, PDF

„One function that may be served by involvement in volunteer service centers on altruistic and humanitarian concerns for others... A second function involves the chance to exercise knowledge, skills, and abilities... A third function reflects motivations concerning relationships with others. A fourth function is concerned with career-related benefits... A fifth function center on protecting the ego from negative features of the self and reduce guilt over being more fortunate than others... Finally, a sixth proposed function of volunteering derives from indications that there may be Enhancement to the ego... satisfactions related to personal growth and self-esteem.“

WMF

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meta:Category:2011_projects

„We found Wikipedian teaching strategies shifting in two significant ways: 1. a significant drop in messages including praise and thanks corresponded with an increase in the overlap of teaching with criticism; 2. a decline in personalized teaching corresponded with an increase in templated instruction.“

„Editing Wikipedia is both fun in its own right and it feels really good sharing knowledge with the rest of humanity. Few, if any, people do this because it is part of their job or they are seeking some sort of personal benefit.“

„As we found in the editor trends study, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to retain and recruit new editors, and we are interested in hearing from editors about their experiences with their peers... The survey aims to understand whether editors perceive any kind of discrimination based on gender, race, nationality etc.“

Wikipedia Survey – Overview of Results
Quality of Wikipedia content
Reasons for non-contribution
Age and Gender Differences

Intern

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Siehe auch

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