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During the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine against the Mandatory Palestine, the militant Zionist group Irgun carried out 60 attacks against Palestinian people and the British Army.[1] Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by The New York Times,[2][3] the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry,[4] prominent world figures such as Winston Churchill[5] and Jewish figures such as Hannah Arendt, Albert Einstein, and many others.[6] The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs describes it as "an underground organization."[7] The New York Times at the time cited sources in an investigative piece which linked the Haganah paramilitary group to Irgun attacks such as the King David Hotel bombing.[8]

Irgun launched a series of attacks which lasted until the founding of Israel. All told, Irgun attacks against Arab targets resulted in at least 250 Arab deaths during this period. The following is a list of attacks resulting in death attributed to Irgun that took place during the 1930s and 1940s. Irgun conducted at least 60 operations altogether during this period.[9][10][11]

During the Arab revolt (1937–39)

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Date Casualties References
1937, March 2 Arabs killed on Bat Yam beach. [12]
1937, November 14 10 Arabs killed by Irgun units launching attacks around Jerusalem, ("Black Sunday") [13][14]
1938, April 12 2 Arabs and 2 British policemen were killed by a bomb in a train in Haifa. [14]
1938, April 17 1 Arab was killed by a bomb detonated in a cafe in Haifa [14]
1938, May 17 1 Arab policeman was killed in an attack on a bus in the Jerusalem-Hebron road. [14]
1938, May 24 3 Arabs were shot and killed in Haifa. [14]
1938, June 19 18 Arabs killed (9 men, 6 women and 3 children), 24 injured by a bomb that was thrown into a crowded Arab market place in Haifa. [15][16][17][18]
1938, June 23 2 Arabs were killed near Tel Aviv. [14]
1938, June 26 7 Arabs were killed by a bomb in Jaffa. [14]
1938, June 27 1 Arab was killed in the yard of a hospital in Haifa. [14]
1938, July 5 7 Arabs were killed in several shooting attacks in Tel Aviv. [14]
1938, July 5 3 Arabs were killed by a bomb detonated in a bus in Jerusalem. [14]
1938, July 5 1 Arab was killed in another attack in Jerusalem. [14]
1938, July 6 18 Arabs and 5 Jews were killed by two simultaneous bombs in the Arab melon market in Haifa. More than 60 people were wounded. The toll over two days of riots and reprisals was 33 dead, 111 wounded. [14][19][20][21]
1938, July 8 4 Arabs were killed by a bomb in Jerusalem. [14]
1938, July 16 10 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jerusalem. [14]
1938, July 25 43 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa. [14][22]
1938, August 26 24 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jaffa. [14]
1939, February 27 33 Arabs were killed in multiple attacks, incl. 24 by bomb in Arab market in Suk Quarter of Haifa and 4 by bomb in Arab vegetable market in Jerusalem. [23]
1939, May 29 5 Arabs were killed by a mine detonated at the Rex cinema in Jerusalem. [14]
1939, May 29 5 Arabs were shot and killed during a raid on the village of Biyar 'Adas. [14]
1939, June 2 5 Arabs were killed by a bomb at the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem. [14][24]
1939, June 12 1 British bomb expert trying to defuse the bombs killed, during a post office in Jerusalem was bombing [14]
1939, June 16 6 Arabs were killed in several attacks in Jerusalem. [14]
1939, June 19 20 Arabs were killed by explosives mounted on a donkey at a marketplace in Haifa. [14][25]
1939, June 29 13 Arabs were killed in several shooting attacks around Jaffa during a one-hour period. [14][26]
1939, June 30 1 Arab was killed at a marketplace in Jerusalem. [14]
1939, June 30 2 Arabs were shot and killed in Lifta. [14]
1939, July 3 1 Arab was killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa. [14][27]
1939, July 4 2 Arabs were killed in two attacks in Jerusalem. [14]
1939, July 20 1 Arab was killed at a train station in Jaffa. [14]
1939, July 20 6 Arabs were killed in several attacks in Tel Aviv. [14]
1939, July 20 3 Arabs were killed in Rehovot. [14]
1939, August 27 2 British officers were killed by a mine in Jerusalem. [14]

During the Jewish insurgency (1944–47)

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Date Casualties References
1944, September 27 Unknown number of casualties, around 150 Irgun members attacked four British police stations [28]
1944, September 29 1 Senior British police officer of the Criminal Intelligence Department assassinated in Jerusalem. [28]
1945, November 1 5 locomotives destroyed in Lydda station. Two staff, one soldier and one policeman killed. [29]
1945, December 27 3 British policemen and 4 Sotho soldiers killed during the bombing of British CID headquarters in Jerusalem; 1 British soldier killed during attack of British army camp in north Tel Aviv [30][31]
1946, February 22 Destroyed 14 aeroplanes at 5 RAF stations. [32]
1947, June 18 One Haganah member killed by a booby trap while sealing a tunnel dug by Irgun to blow up the British [33]
1946, July 22 91 people were killed at the bombing of the King David Hotel (which was the British headquarters), mostly civilians, staff of the hotel or Secretariat,
41 Arabs, 15-28 British citizens, 17 Palestinian Jews, 2 Armenians, 1 Russian, 1 Greek and 1 Egyptian. 		[34][35][36]
1946, October 30 2 British guards killed during Gunfire and explosion at Jerusalem Railway Station. [37]
1946, October 31 Bombing of the British Embassy in Rome. Nearly half the building was destroyed and 3 people were injured. [38]
1947, January 12 4 killed in bombing of British headquarters. [39]
1947, March 1 17 British officers killed, during raid and explosion. [40]
1947, March 12 1 British soldier killed during the attack on Schneller Camp. [40]
1947, July 19 4 locations within Haifa are attacked, killing a British constable and injuring 12. [41]
1947, July 29 2 kidnapped British sergeants hanged. [42]
1947, August 4 Two Suitcase time-bombs explode in the basement of the Hotel Sacher, Vienna (British Army Headquarters) [43][44]
1947, August 5 3 British policemen killed in bombing of British Labour Department office in Jerusalem [45]
1947, August 9 Jewish train engineer killed in Cairo-Haifa train bombing [46]
1947, August 12 1 British soldier injured in bombing of London-Villach military train outside Tauern tunnel near Mallintz, Austria. A second bomb failed to explode, the two were intended to derail the train over a steep cliff. No injuries from a second explosion outside British camp commandant's office in Velden. [43][47][48]
1947, September 26 4 British policemen killed in Irgun bank robbery. [39]
1947, September 29 10 killed (4 British policemen, 4 Arab policemen and an Arab couple) and 53 injured in Haifa police headquarters bombing by Irgun. One ton of explosives in a barrel was used for the bombing and Irgun said it was done on the first day of Sukkot to avoid Jewish casualties. [39][49][50]

During the Civil War (1947–48)

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Date Casualties References
1947, December 11 13 killed in attack on Tireh, near Haifa [51]
1947, December 12 20 killed, 5 wounded by barrel bomb at Damascus Gate. [52]
1947, December 13 6 killed, 25 wounded by bombs outside Alhambra Cinema. [53]
1947, December 13 5 killed, 47 wounded by two bombs at Damascus Gate. [53][54]
1947, December 13 7 Arabs killed (including two women and two children, 3 and 4 years old) and 7 others seriously wounded (two women and girl of 4 among them) in attack on Yehudiya. 24 Irgun men attacked the village, approaching from Petah Tikva shooting guns, dynamiting houses and throwing grenades. An armored British police car was also fired on. [53][54][55]
1947, December 16(ca) 10 killed by bomb at Noga Cinema in Jaffa. [56]
1947, December 29 Two British constables and 11 Arabs were killed and 32 Arabs wounded when Irgun members threw a bomb from a taxi at Jerusalem's Damascus Gate. [39][57][58]
1947, December 30 6 Arabs killed and, 42 injured by grenades at Haifa refinery, precipitating the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre, which led to the Balad al-Shaykh massacre. [59]
1948, January 1 2 Arabs killed and 9 injured by shooting attack on cafe in Jaffa. [60]
1948, January 5 14 Arabs killed and 19 injured by truck bomb outside the 3-storey 'Serrani', Jaffa's built Ottoman Town Hall [61]
1948, January 7 20 Arabs killed by bomb at Jaffa Gate. [62][63]
1948, February 10 7 Arabs killed near Ras el Ain after selling cows in Tel Aviv [64]
1948, February 18 12 Arabs killed and 43 wounded at a marketplace in Ramla [65]
1948, March 1 20 Britons killed and 30 wounded in the Bevingrad Officers Club bombing [66]
1948, April 9-April 11 107-120 Arabs killed and massacred (the estimate generally accepted by scholars, instead the first announced number of 254) during and after the battle at the village of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, by 132 Irgun and 60 Lehi fighters. [67][68][69][70][71]
1948, April 6 7 British soldiers, including Commanding Officer, killed during an arms raid on Pardes Hanna Army camp. [72]

See also

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References

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Vorlage:Reflist

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  • Palestine Post Archive
  • Arie Perliger and Leonard Weinberg, Jewish Self Defense and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and Traditions. Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2003) 91-118. Online version

Vorlage:Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Vorlage:Zionism


[[Category:Irgun]] [[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1930s]] [[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 1940s]] [[Category:Zionist terrorism]] [[Category:Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine]] [[Category:Mandatory Palestine in World War II]]

  1. ↑ Arie Perliger and Leonard Weinberg, Jewish Self Defense and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and Traditions. "Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions", Vol. 4, No. 3, 100, (2003); Online version.
  2. ↑ Pope Brewer, Sam. IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS, 2 BRITONS. The New York Times. December 30, 1947.
  3. ↑ IRGUN'S HAND SEEN IN ALPS RAIL BLAST. The New York Times. August 16, 1947.
  4. ↑ Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest, p. 598; updated 1987 to From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, Institute for Palestine Studies, Vorlage:ISBN.
  5. ↑ Martin Gilbert: Churchill and the Jews. S. 270.
  6. ↑ Adam Shatz: Prophets Outcast. S. 65–67.
  7. ↑ http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/history/modern%20history/centenary%20of%20zionism/lexicon%20of%20zionism#I
  8. ↑ Irgun implicates Haganah in blast By Gene Currivans, The New York Times. July 27, 1947, Sunday Page 11, 628 words, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00715F7355A147B93C5AB178CD85F438485F9&scp=4&sq=irgun+terrorist&st=p
  9. ↑ Perliger and Weinberg, 101.
  10. ↑ Prof. Yehuda Lapidot, The Irgun website, links to sections on history of Irgun.
  11. ↑ J. Bowyer Bell, Terror out of Zion: the fight for Israeli independence (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977). pp. 181
  12. ↑ Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur, Religious fundamentalism and political extremism, Routledge, p. 101, 2004.
  13. ↑ J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens, Terror out of Zion,p. 39, 1996 edition
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Vorlage:He iconY. 'Amrami, A. Melitz, דברי הימים למלחמת השחרור ("History of the War of Independence", Shelach Press, 1951. (a sympathetic account of events, mostly related to Irgun and Lehi).
  15. ↑ Tom Segev, Haim Watzman: The Seventh Million. S. 39. Citing Arnold Zweig's letters to Sigmund Freud
  16. ↑ Haifa Bombs Fell Scores In: New York Times, 19. Juni 1939. Abgerufen am 9. September 2015 
  17. ↑ Bomb Blast Kills 18 Arabs at Haifa In: New York Times, 20. Juni 1939. Abgerufen am 9. September 2015 [ ]
  18. ↑ 18 Arabs Die In Bomb Blast In: The Vancouver Sun, June 19, 1939. Abgerufen im 15 October 2011 
  19. ↑ Irgun site Restraint and Retaliation section.
  20. ↑ 23 Die as Violence Grips Palestine In: New York Times, 7. Juli 1938. Abgerufen am 9. September 2015 
  21. ↑ Arabs Clash with British on Trans-Jordan Border: Palestine Violence Grows In: New York Times, 8. Juli 1938. Abgerufen am 9. September 2015 
  22. ↑ Palestine Post, July 26–27, 1938
  23. ↑ Y. Ben-Ami, Years of Wrath, Days of Glory; Memoirs of the Irgun, Speller and Sons, New York 1982; p 229. Casualty figures from Palestine Post Feb 28, 1939.
  24. ↑ The Irgun web site, "The Split within the Irgun" section
  25. ↑ Palestine Post, June 20–22, 1939
  26. ↑ Palestine Post, June 30, 1939
  27. ↑ Palestine Post, July 5, 1939
  28. ↑ a b Martin Gilbert: Churchill and the Jews. S. 221.
  29. ↑ Horne, Edward (1982). A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920 - 1948). The Anchor Press. Vorlage:ISBN. Page 289.
  30. ↑ The Irgun web site, "The United Resistance" section.
  31. ↑ Horne. Page 294
  32. ↑ Horne. Page 296
  33. ↑ Haganah Foils Irgun Plot to Bomb British Army Center in Tel Aviv. NY Times. June 19, 1947. Retrieved September 9, 2015
  34. ↑ Thurston Clarke, By Blood and Fire, G. P. Puttnam's Sons, New York, 1981
  35. ↑ Martin Gilbert: Churchill and the Jews. S. 253.
  36. ↑ Horne, page 300: Counts 16 British subjects, 3 policemen (2 Britons and one Arab), one Arab soldier, no British soldiers, and a third of those killed were Jews.
  37. ↑ The Irgun web site, "The Raid on the Jerusalem Railway Station" section.
  38. ↑ Jewish Terrorists Admit Bombing Embassy in Rome, St Petersburg Times, 5. November 1946. Abgerufen am 22. Mai 2010 
  39. ↑ a b c d Donald Neff, Hamas: A Pale Image of the Jewish Irgun And Lehi Gangs, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May/June 2006, p. 14-15.
  40. ↑ a b The Irgun web site, "Raid on the Jerusalem Officers Club" section.
  41. ↑ Gene Currivan: BRITISH CONSTABLE SHOT DEAD IN HAIFA; 5 Soldiers, 7 Jews Are Hit in Wide Terrorist Blows Protesting Ship Seizure In: New York Times, 20 July 1947. Abgerufen im 17 August 2011 
  42. ↑ The Irgun web site, "The Gallows" section.
  43. ↑ a b Irgun Boasts of Alps Blast NY Times, August 19, 1947
  44. ↑ Two Bombs Explode in a Vienna Hotel NY Times, August 5, 1947
  45. ↑ 35 Zionist Leaders Detained as Bomb Kills 3 Constables NY Times, August 6, 1947
  46. ↑ Terrorists Wreck Haifa Troop Train NY Times, August 10, 1947
  47. ↑ 175 Britons Escape in Rail Blast Near Tunnel in the Austrian Alps NY Times, August 14, 1947
  48. ↑ Irgun's Hand Seen in Alps Rail Blast NY Times, August 16, 1947
  49. ↑ Terrorists Strike in Palestine Again NY Times, September 30, 1947
  50. ↑ Blast Set by Irgun to Speed Army Exit NY Times, September 30, 1947
  51. ↑ Palestine Post, Dec 14; Milstein, Vol 11, p91
  52. ↑ Uri Milstein, History of Israel's War of Independence, Vol II. p51
  53. ↑ a b c Palestine Post, Dec 14
  54. ↑ a b Irgun Attacks in Palestine; 21 Arabs, 3 Jews Are Slain NY Times, December 14, 1947
  55. ↑ Haganah kills 10 in raid on Arabs NY Times, December 20, 1947
  56. ↑ Milstein, Vol II, p81.
  57. ↑ Milstein, Vol II, p214.
  58. ↑ Pope Brewer, Sam. IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS, 2 BRITONS. The New York Times. December 30, 1947.
  59. ↑ Milstein, Vol II, p91.
  60. ↑ Palestine Post, Jan 2, 1948
  61. ↑ The Scotsman newspaper, Jan 6, 1948
  62. ↑ Palestine Post, Jan 9-10, 1948
  63. ↑ Milstein, Vol II, p53
  64. ↑ Palestine Post, Feb 13, 1948
  65. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem web.archive.org Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Webarchiv): "date"Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: enWP-Wert im Parameter 'url'.
  66. ↑ Mitchell G., PhD Bard: The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict. Alpha, 2005, ISBN 1-59257-410-6.
  67. ↑ Kana'ana, Sharif and Zeitawi, Nihad (1987), "The Village of Deir Yassin", Bir Zeit, Bir Zeit University Press
  68. ↑ Benny Morris: The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; New York 2003, ISBN 0-521-81120-1, Vorlage:ISBN (pbk.).: Chapter 4: The second wave: the mass exodus, April—June 1948, Section: Operation Nahshon, page 238
  69. ↑ Uri Milstein: History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision. Hrsg.: Alan Sacks. University Press of America, Inc., Lanhan, Maryland 1998, ISBN 0-7618-1489-2 (hebräisch, englisch, [1987]).: Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre, page 376-381
  70. ↑ Benny Morris: The Historiography of Deir Yassin. In: Journal of Israeli History. 24. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 2005, S. 79–107, doi:10.1080/13531040500040305.: page 100-101
  71. ↑ britannica.com
  72. ↑ The Scotsman: 17th, 18th April. Yaakov Meridor was reported to have been in command of the Irgun attackers. Those dead included Lieut-Colonel G.L. Hildebrand, Royal Artillery
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