Benutzer:Shi Annan/Kandake of the Sudanese Revolution
Vorlage:Short description Vorlage:Good article Vorlage:Italic title Vorlage:Use dmy dates
Kandake of the Sudanese Revolution (also known as Woman in White and Lady Liberty of the Sudanese Revolution; Vorlage:Langx) is a photograph of Alaa Salah, a 22-year-old student, standing on top of a car, dressed in white and gold, and leading a crowd of demonstrators in chant during the Sudanese anti-government protests on 8 April 2019. The photograph, taken by activist Lana Haroun using a smartphone, gained world-wide media attention and went viral in April 2019, and was described by several media organisations as iconic, representing women's participation in the revolution who were dubbed the Kandakas.
Background
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Vorlage:Further Since December 2018, a series of protests against President Omar al-Bashir took place, demanding economic reforms and the resignation of the president.[1] A state of emergency was declared in February 2019 as a result of the protests; yet, 6 and 7 April saw the largest protests. As protests continued, the army was observed protecting protesters from security forces on 10 April.[2][3][4] Eventually the protests led to the military removing al-Bashir from power, installing a transitional council in his place led by Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf. The move was seen as a change of leadership of the same regime by the protesters who demanded a civilian transitional council.[5]
On 6 April, the Sudanese Professionals Association called for a march to the military headquarters in Khartoum.[6][7] Hundreds of thousands of people protested and converged at the headquarters, where the security forces and military appeared to be divided in their allegiances. Some security forces tried to attack the protesters, while the military took the protesters' side and fired at the security forces.[8] The following Sunday, social media was blocked and the power was cut in Sudan as protesters began a sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum, which lasted for a week until the Khartoum massacre on 3 June.[9]
The photograph
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]On the morning of 8 April, the army and secret services faced off at the headquarters, resulting in six deaths, 57 injuries, and 2,500 arrests in Khartoum over the weekend.[10] The police were instructed not to intervene.[11] "Every day I was there, capturing photos," Haroun recalls. "It felt like history itself."[12]
On the same day, Lana Haroun took four images, using her smartphone (Huawei Mate 10, back camera, HDR technic),[13] of an initially unknown woman dressed in a white thoub standing on top of a car, who spoke to and sang with other women around her during a sit-in near the army headquarters and the presidential palace.[14] A line from Sudanese poet, Azhari Mohamed Ali's poem[15] recited by the woman, "The bullet doesn't kill. What kills is the silence of people", has been a well-known slogan chanted by protesters during the 2018–2019 Sudanese protests and earlier in the 2011–2013 Sudanese protests.[16] Haroun shared the image online.[12]
Response and impact
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Salah's white robe, a traditional Sudanese thoub, resembles the dress of female Sudanese protesters against previous dictatorships, as well as that of student protesters who were referred to as "Kandake" after ancient Nubian queens.[17] Her golden earrings are traditional feminine wedding attire.[17] The image has been seen as a symbol of the Sudanese people's pride in their culture and identity.[18] According to Nesrine Malik from The Guardian, the image captured the energy and determination of the Sudanese people as they called for political change and social justice.[19] Commentators referred to her pose as "the image of the revolution".[17]
The image that came to be known as the Kandake of the Sudanese Revolution[20][21][22] (also known as Woman in White[23][24][25] and Lady Liberty of the Sudanese Revolution[26][27][28]) was widely shared on social media and caught international media attention.[24][29] According to Lana Haroun, there was a dearth of global attention on the events unfolding in Sudan, but after her picture gained traction, it seemed as if there was a sudden shift in the world's attention and people from all over the world started taking notice of the situation in Sudan.[12]
The image become a symbol of the Sudanese Revolution and a representation of women's leadership in social movements.[18] Salah, a 22-year-old student studying engineering and architecture,[30] has become a symbol of women's leadership in the protests and a role model for young Sudanese women.[29] In her first interview since the picture went viral, she spoke about the importance of women's participation in the protests and their role in shaping the future of Sudan,[29] with some estimates claiming that up to 70 per cent of the protesters had been women.[29] The image has also inspired a wave of feminist and women's rights activism in Sudan, with many women taking to the streets and using social media to voice their demands for equality and representation.[18] Hala Al-Karib, a Sudanese women's rights activist, said: "It is a symbol of an identity of a working woman — a Sudanese woman that's capable of doing anything, but still appreciates her culture."[31]
According to a list compiled by The Guardian, Alaa Salah's iconic photograph has been included among 48 protest photographs "that changed the world".[12] The symbolism of the photo also inspired many Sudanese artists.[22]
Aftermath
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Sudanese revolution
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Vorlage:Further informationThe sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum, Sudan came to a violent end on 3 June 2019.[32] The armed forces of the Sudanese Transitional Military Council, headed by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), used heavy gunfire and tear gas to disperse the sit-in by protesters, killing 112 and injuring more than 700 protesters, and destroying the peaceful atmosphere of the sit-in.[32][33] The Khartoum massacre resulted in widespread national and international condemnation due to the #BlueforSudan[34] and calls for justice from the international community.[35][36] Following the massacre, protests continued across Sudan, which led to negotiations between the Transitional Military Council and civilian representatives eventually and the signing of a power-sharing agreement in August 2019, which established a joint civilian-military Sovereign Council and a civilian-led government.[37]
Alaa Salah
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Vorlage:Further Alaa Salah (Vorlage:Langx, pronunciation: Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:IPA): "3"), born 9 March 1997, was 22 at the time when the photo was taken and a student studying engineering and architecture at Sudan International University in Khartoum.[30] She gained world-wide media attention due to the photo, and she was dubbed the Sudanese revolution's icon.[29][38][39] Salah was invited to several interviews to talk about the revolution, the photograph and her experience.[40][41][15] Salah co-wrote the book The song of revolt - The Sudanese uprising told by its icon (Vorlage:Langx) with Martin Roux, providing her personal account of the Sudanese revolution.[42]
As a member of MANSAM, one of the main Sudanese women's networks that signed the 1 January 2019 Forces of Freedom and Change declaration, Salah was later invited to give a speech at the 29 October 2019 meeting of the United Nations Security Council. In her speech, she insisting on equal representation of women in the Sudanese transitionary institutions.[43]
In 2023, Salah received the Hillary Rodham Clinton Award in 2023,[44] organised by Hillary Clinton and the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security.[45]
Lana Haroun
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Lana H. Haroun (Vorlage:Langx), a musician and photographer who was 34 at the time when she took the photo,[46] gained prominence for capturing the photograph.[47] Lana Haroun's followers increased to thousands, and her photograph was shared by thousands, while comments poured in from various parties, asking her for permission to publish the image, and expressing admiration for the photograph.[48] In an interview, Lana Haroun expressed her perspective on photography as an integral part of her activism.[49] Haroun stated, "It is not about the photo ... it is about Sudanese people and Sudan's situation now",[49] and the photograph captured the essence of the Sudanese revolution, highlighting the emotions, determination, and hope of the protesters through her lens.[50][49]
See also
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- Siti Alnfor
- Photography of Sudan
- Soudan 2019, année zéro
- 2019–2022 Sudanese protests
- Aed Abu Amro
- Women in Sudan
- Hawa Al-Tagtaga
Einzelnachweise
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- ↑ Sudanese police fire on protesters demanding president step down In: The Guardian, 17 January 2019. Abgerufen im 11 April 2019
- ↑ Sudanese spy chief 'met head of Mossad to discuss Bashir succession plan'. In: Middle East Eye. Abgerufen am 11. April 2019.
- ↑ Le mouvement de protestation s'embrase au Soudan, 8 April 2019. Abgerufen im 11 April 2019 (französisch).
- ↑ Gerry Mullany: Sudan's Military to Make Announcement Amid Protests Against Omar Hassan al-Bashir In: The New York Times, 11 April 2019
- ↑ Ruth Maclean: Mood in Sudan shifts to anger as the army prepares to seize power In: The Guardian, 11 April 2019. Abgerufen im 12 April 2019
- ↑ Sudan protesters 'reach army HQ' in new anti-government rallies. In: www.aljazeera.com. Abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (englisch).
- ↑ Dabanga: Sudan uprising: Thousands answer call for mass action across Sudan today. In: Dabanga Radio TV Online. 6. April 2019, abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (britisches Englisch).
- ↑ Sudan protests: Inside the sit-in at army HQ In: BBC, 9 April 2019. Abgerufen im 28 April 2019
- ↑ Abdi Latif Dahir: Sudan's anti-government protests face a total power outage and social media shutdown. In: Quartz Africa. 8. April 2019, abgerufen am 9. April 2019.
- ↑ Jean-Philippe Rémy: Le mouvement de protestation embrase le Soudan, 8 April 2019 (französisch). „[Selon] une bonne source soudanaise: "Un scénario de cauchemar se profile, avec des affrontements. Or, l’armée n’est pas aussi bien équipée que l’ensemble constitué par les hommes des FSR et les nombreuses milices secrètes."“
- ↑ Sudan police ordered not to intervene. BBC News, 9. April 2019, abgerufen am 9. April 2019.
- ↑ a b c d George Monbiot: 'It felt like history itself' – 48 protest photographs that changed the world In: The Guardian, 2. Juli 2022. Abgerufen am 29. März 2023 (britisches Englisch).
- ↑ Lana H. Haroun Twit. In: Twitter. 16. Juli 2019, abgerufen am 25. Dezember 2022 (englisch).
- ↑ Poetic photo of Sudan's 'Lady Liberty' sheds light on anti-government protests. In: ABC News. 10. April 2019, abgerufen am 11. April 2019.
- ↑ a b Vorlage:Citation
- ↑ Zeinab Mohammed Salih: 'I was raised to love our home': Sudan's singing protester speaks out In: The Guardian, 10 April 2019. Abgerufen im 11 April 2019
- ↑ a b c Vanessa Friedman: 'It's going to be the Image of the Revolution' In: The New York Times, 10 April 2019. Abgerufen im 11 April 2019
- ↑ a b c Vorlage:Cite magazine
- ↑ Nesrine Malik: She's an icon of Sudan's revolution. But the woman in white obscures vital truths In: The Guardian, 24. April 2019. Abgerufen am 29. März 2023 (britisches Englisch).
- ↑ 'Nubian queen' becomes Sudan protest symbol In: BBC News. Abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022 (britisches Englisch).
- ↑ Gianluca Mezzofiore: This woman has come to symbolize Sudan's protests. In: CNN. 9. April 2019, abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022 (englisch).
- ↑ a b Sudanese Photographer Lana Haroun's Amazing Image Inspires Artistic Depiction of Protestor Alaa Salah as Kandaka, "Nubian Queen" -. 28. April 2019, abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ She's an icon of Sudan's revolution. But the woman in white obscures vital truths | Nesrine Malik. In: the Guardian. 24. April 2019, abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022 (englisch).
- ↑ a b Woman in white goes viral as symbol of Sudan's uprising. In: The Sydney Morning Herald. 11. April 2019, abgerufen am 11. April 2019.
- ↑ Martin Fletcher: Alaa Salah: Sudan's 'woman in white' on why she's prepared to die In: The Times. Abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2022 (englisch).
- ↑ Poetic photo of Sudan's 'Lady Liberty' sheds light on anti-government protests. In: ABC News. Abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022 (englisch).
- ↑ Tipping the balance in Sudan. In: The University of Kansas. 11. April 2019, abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022 (englisch).
- ↑ Alaa Salah, Sudan's iconic "Lady Liberty," speaks out: "Life has a way of choosing people for missions". In: www.cbsnews.com. 29. Oktober 2019, abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ a b c d e Tamerra Griffin: This Woman Stood On Top Of A Car And Became An Icon Of Sudan's Historic Protests. In: BuzzFeed News. 9. April 2019, abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022 (englisch).
- ↑ a b 'I was raised to love our home': Sudan's singing protester speaks out | World news | The Guardian. In: TheGuardian.com. 9. Mai 2019, archiviert vom am 9. Mai 2019; abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022.
- ↑ Siobhán O'Grady: The woman in white: Why a photo from the Sudan protests has gone viral In: The New Zealand Herald, 9 April 2019. Abgerufen im 10 April 2019
- ↑ a b 'Chaos and Fire' : An Analysis of Sudan's June 3, 2019 Khartoum Massacre. In: PHR. Abgerufen am 1. April 2023 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ Global Voices - Social media goes blue for Sudan. In: Global Voices. 16. Juni 2019, abgerufen am 1. April 2023 (englisch).
- ↑ Rym Bendimerad,Natalia Faisal: Why is social media turning blue for Sudan? In: www.aljazeera.com. Abgerufen am 1. April 2023 (englisch).
- ↑ Martin Belam: #BlueforSudan: social media users show solidarity for protester In: The Guardian, 14. Juni 2019. Abgerufen am 1. April 2023 (britisches Englisch).
- ↑ Blue for Sudan: 'We've come too far to let them die in vain' In: BBC News, 14. Juni 2019. Abgerufen am 1. April 2023 (britisches Englisch).
- ↑ 'Chaos and Fire' : An Analysis of Sudan's June 3, 2019 Khartoum Massacre. In: PHR. Abgerufen am 1. April 2023 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ The women driving change in Sudan In: BBC News. Abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2022 (britisches Englisch).
- ↑ Woman and Home published: The 22-year-old Sudanese student driving political change in the country. In: Woman and Home Magazine. 26. April 2019, abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2022 (englisch).
- ↑ ضيف ومسيرة - آلاء صلاح.. أيقونة الثورة السودانية! In: فرانس 24 / France 24. 24. Mai 2021, abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2022 (arabisch).
- ↑ Camille Cosandier: Nowadays Advocates. In: Executive Education Blog. 17. November 2020, abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ Martin Roux, Alaa Salah: Le chant de la révolte: le soulèvement soudanais raconté par son icône. Favre, 2021, ISBN 978-2-8289-1910-8 (französisch, google.com [abgerufen am 29. Januar 2023]).
- ↑ Statement by Ms. Alaa Salah at the UN Security Council Open Debate on Women, Peace and Security. In: NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security. Abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ 2023 Hillary Rodham Clinton Awards. In: GIWPS. Abgerufen am 21. Juni 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ Rosemary Lane: Georgetown, Hillary Clinton Honor Journalist Christiane Amanpour and Women Peace Leaders. In: Georgetown University. 6. Oktober 2023, abgerufen am 21. Juni 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ Sudan's fate in the balance as democratic transition hits a road bump. In: Arab News. Abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (englisch).
- ↑ الاحتفاء بالمبدعين: لانا هارون نموذجاً .. بقلم: أحمد إبراهيم أبوشوك. (deutsch: Celebrating creative people: Lana Haroun as a mode). In: سودانايل. 29. Mai 2021, abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (arabisch).
- ↑ كنداكة..."الحرية لم تعد تمثالًا، إنها من لحم ودم. (deutsch: Kandaka..."Freedom is no longer a statue, it is of flesh and blood). In: ISS. Abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (arabisch).
- ↑ a b c Scared, worried and hopeful: A Sudanese photographer's view of the uprising. In: Middle East Eye. Abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (englisch).
- ↑ Abdi Latif Dahir: Powerful photos of women protesting are shaping popular uprisings in Africa. In: Quartz. 16. April 2019, abgerufen am 20. Mai 2023 (englisch).
Weblinks
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- Vorlage:Cite tweet Video for when the image was taken
[[Category:2010s photographs]] [[Category:Photographs of protests]] [[Category:2019 in art]] [[Category:2019 works]] [[Category:Color photographs]] [[Category:Photography in Sudan]] [[Category:Sudanese revolution]] [[Category:Protests in Sudan]] [[Category:2019 in Sudan]] [[Category:2019 protests]] [[Category:April 2019 events in Africa]] [[Category:Second Arab Spring]] [[Category:People notable for being the subject of a specific photograph|Alaa Salah]]