Benutzer:Shi Annan/Kapóng
| Kapóng Ingarikó | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Gesprochen in |
Guyana, Venezuela | |
| Sprecher | rund 10.000 | |
| Linguistische Klassifikation |
| |
| Offizieller Status | ||
| Sonstiger offizieller Status in |  Guyana,  Venezuela
| |
Kapóng (Ingarikó) ist eine Karibische Sprache, welche hauptsäclich in Guyana gesprochen wird und dort vor allem in der Region des Oberen Mazaruni. Though many speakers do not live in villages, there are a number of population centers, notably Kamarang, Jawalla, Waramadong, and Kako. There are two dialects, 'Akawaio and Patamona. ethnologue.com The Macushi name of the language is Ingarikó.
Geschichte
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]The Carib tribes practice an indigenous system of beliefs, one that dates back to the 16th century. It was not until the 19th century that attempts were made to understand the beliefs and practices of this tribe. Much of the Kapóng language refers back to sun worship and sun spirits, which is reflective of the beliefs system of these Carib-speaking tribes. Literature has also found belief in a higher being in the sky among the Carib tribes in Guyana.[1]
Geographic Distribution
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]The Kapóng language is found to be spoken in lowland tropical South America, particularly in the countries of Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela.
In Guyana, Kapóng is spoken in forests by the Mazaruni River Basin. In 2013, a survey by the Inter-American Development Bank identified 20% fluency among Akawaio, which was the highest fluency rate among all sampled indigenous groups in Guyana. However, no indigenous language was in use by the Guyanese Patamona people in the survey.[2]
The number of speakers in Brazil is about 10,000, and the transmission of language in Brazil is deemed to be of good standing.[3] Speakers in Brazil are found in the Roraima Indigenous Terra Raposa.
In Venezuela, Kapóng is spoken in the states of Bolivar and Monagas.
Dialects/Varieties
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Kapóng has three dialects, which are:[4]
- Akawaio (Akawayo)
- Ingarikó (Ingaricó)
- Patamona
Phonology
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Consonants
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]The allophones of /k s n/ are [ʔ tʃ ŋ], as well as the allophones of /z/ being [ʃ ʒ dʒ].[5]
Vowels
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Vorlage:IPA link | Vorlage:IPA link | Vorlage:IPA link |
| Close-mid | Vorlage:IPA link | Vorlage:IPA link | Vorlage:IPA link |
| Open | Vorlage:IPA link |
Orthography
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Vowels and diphthongs
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- a - [a]
- e - [ɛ/e]
- i - [i]
- ï - [ɨ]
- o - [o/ɔ]
- ö - [ʌ]
- u - [u]
- ai - [aj]
- au - [aw]
- ei - [ej]
- oi - [ɔj]
Consonants
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- b - [b]
- ch - [t͡ʃ]
- d - [d]
- g - [g]
- j - [d͡ʒ] ~ [ʒ]
- k - [k]
- m - [m]
- n - [n]
- ñ - [ɲ]
- ng - [ŋ]
- p - [p]
- r - [ɺ]
- s - [s]
- sh - [ʃ]
- t - [t]
- w - [w]
- y - [j]
- z - [z]
- ' - [ʔ][6][7]
Vocabulary
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Much of the Kapóng language has emphasis on a higher spirit/god up in the sky, and this is reflected in the vocabulary in this language.[1]
- Kapóng = Sky People
- akwalo = the spirit
- akwa = God's place
- Waica = warrior
- Taemogoli = grandfather
- Kapo = in the sky
- Iopotari akuru = chief spirit
Morphology
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]yamok (aemvk) is an ending used to make words plural. (i.e.) Adding yamok to "Kapong" makes "Kapong" plural; Kapong yamok.[1]
-da is a marker used to mark possession. (i.e.) kaata = book; da kaata = my book.[1]
The word preferred word order of Kapóng is subject-object-verb, for example:[8]
However, the word order is flexible and there are cases where the object precedes the subject in sentences. Such as:[8]
There are no gender distinctions found in Kapóng, as there are no differences in personal pronoun systems and affixes to indicate genders of nouns.
Similes are often used in writing, as many words in this language allow this to occur. Through the use of suffixes, many words can be converted into similes. Examples are as follows:[9]
- -kasa = 'like'
- -walai = 'similar to'
Einzelnachweise
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- ↑ a b c d Audrey J. Butt: "THE BURNING FOUNTAIN WHENCE IT CAME": (A study of the system of beliefs of the Carib-speaking Akawaio of British Guiana.). Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of the West Indies 1953, S. 114–115.
- ↑ Vorlage:Citation
- ↑ Matthias Brenzinger: Language Diversity Endangered. Walter de Gruyte, 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-090569-4, S. 38.
- ↑ Lyle Cambell: American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-3-11-017050-4, S. 203.
- ↑ Walter F. Edwards: Some synchronic and diachronic aspects of Akawaio phonology. Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 20, No. 2 1978, S. 77–84.
- ↑ Gildea, Spike and Caesar-Fox, Desrey (2006) “Clause linking in Akawaio (Cariban)”
- ↑ Caesar-Fox, Desrey (2003) Zauro'nödok Agawayo Yau: variants of Akawaio spoken at Waramadong.
- ↑ a b Walter F. Edwards: A Comparison of Selected Linguistic Features in Some Cariban and Arawakan Languages in Guyana. In: Trustees of Indiana University Anthropological Linguistics. 21. Jahrgang, Nr. 6, September 1979, S. 277–297, JSTOR:30027731.
- ↑ Audrey J. Butt: Symbolism and Ritual among the Akawaio of British Guiana. In: Nieuwe West-Indische Gids / New West Indian Guide. 1961, vol. 41: S. 141–161. doi=10.1163/22134360-90002345
Weblinks
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ake
- http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/a/akawaio.php
- http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/668/guide
- http://www.native-languages.org/akawaio.htm
[[Kategorie:Einzelsprache]] [[Category:Languages of Guyana]] [[Category:Languages of Venezuela]] [[Category:Cariban languages]]