Benutzer:Shi Annan/Khartoum Peace Agreement 1997
Das Khartoum Peace Agreement of 1997 (dt.: Friedensbakommen von Khartum) war ein Abkommen zwischen der Regierung des Sudan in Khartum und verschiedenen Milizführern des Südsudan während des Zweiten Sudanesischen Bürgerkrieges (1983-2005). The agreement formalized principles that had been agreed in a political charter signed in Khartoum on 10 April 1996.
Unterzeichner
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]The militia groups and their leaders were the South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) (Riek Machar Teny), the Union of Sudan African Parties (Samuel Aru Bol), the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) ( Kerubino Kuanyin Bol), the Equatoria Defense Force (Thiopholus Ochang Loti) and the South Sudan Independents Group (Kawac Makwei).[1] Although Kerubino Kuanyin Bol signed on behalf of the SPLM, he had in fact been expelled from that group in 1987 on suspicion of planning a coup against John Garang, and been jailed for five years.[2] After escaping, Kerubino had joined up with Riek Machar, but early in 1995 Riek dismissed Kerubino from his South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) on the basis that he had signed military and political agreements with the government of Sudan late in the previous year, and that they had attempted to form a government-supported faction in the SSIM.[3]
Vereinbarung
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]The agreement covered freedom of religion, movement and so on, and defined a federal structure with a formula for revenue sharing and with various powers devolved to the individual states. The agreement defined a four-year interim period to recover from the civil war in the southern states, with a Coordinating Council of the Southern States to oversee the transition.[1] Riek Machar was made President of the Southern States Coordinating Council. He was also made commander in chief of the South Sudan Defense Force (SSDF), which included most of the ex-rebels who had signed the Khartoum agreement.[4] The SSDF would maintain autonomy from the army, subject to a joint Technical Military Committee to coordinate between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the SSDF. A referendum on secession by Southern Sudan would be held before the end of the interim period, with international observers.[1]
Ergebnisse
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Dagreement has been described as "a hollow document signed by splinter groups but not by the main force in the south".[5] Since it was not signed by the Sudan People's Liberation Army, the main secessionist force, the Khartoum Peace Agreement did not gain international legitimacy. However, it did provide the basis for many of the elements of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, including the clauses for an interim federal government, revenue sharing and the referendum.[6] A polite analysis is that the agreement "called for the stipulation of institutions, the result of which worked imperfectly within a newly announced federal structure in the Sudan".[7] Following signature of the agreement, the level of conflict escalated to the highest levels that had been seen since war broke out in 1955. The intensified conflict was funded in large part by foreign trade and investment associated with development of oil resources, many of which lay within the conflict area.[8]
Einzelnachweise
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- ↑ a b c Referenzfehler: Ungültiges
<ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Agreement. - ↑ Richard Greenfield: Obituary: Kerubino Kuanyin Bol. In: The Independent. 24. September 1999.
- ↑ Jemera Rone: S. 318 (google books) Behind the red line: political repression in Sudan. Human Rights Watch 1996. ISBN 1-56432-164-9.
- ↑ Sudan, oil, and human rights. 16Rone |first=Jemera |publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=2003 |isbn=1-56432-291-2}}
- ↑ Cirino Hiteng Ofuho: Negotiating peace: restarting a moribund process. Conciliation Resources 2006.
- ↑ John Young: SUDAN IGAD PEACE PROCESS: AN EVALUATION. 30. Mai 2007. In: Sudan Tribune.
- ↑ Samson S. Wassara: The Comprehensive Peace Agreement in the Sudan: Institutional Developments and Political Trends in Focus Areas. ISBN 978-82-8062-323-2 2009 Chr. Michelsen Institute
- ↑ Scott Lewis: Rejuvenating or Restraining Civil War? The Role of External Actors in the War Economies of Sudan. Bonn International Centre for Conversion 2004.
Weblinks
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- Full text of the Khartoum Peace Agreement (Sudan Peace Agreement)
- Text of all peace accords for Sudan
[[Category:Second Sudanese Civil War]] [[Category:Treaties concluded in 1997]]
- ↑ THE SUDAN'S KHARTOUM PEACE AGREEMENT OF APRIL 21/1997 Government of South Sudan. Archivlink