Benutzer:Shi Annan/Utik
Utik (armenisch Ուտիք, auch: Uti, Utiq, Outi) war eine historische Provinz des Königreichs Armenien. Das Gebiet wurde dem kaukasischen Albania zugeschlagen, nachdem Armenien 387 n.C. zwischen dem Sassanidenreich und dem Byzantinischen Reich (Ostrom) aufgeteilt worden war.[1] Der größte Teil der Region liegt im heutigen Aserbaidschan westlich des Flusses Kura, während ein Teil zur heutigen Provinz Tawusch im nordöstlichen Armenien gehört.
Geschichte
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]In armenischen Quellen wird Utik auch Uti, Awti, „Utiats‘wots‘ ashkharh“ (Land des Volkes von Utik), oder „Utiats‘wots‘ gavar“ (Bezirk des Volkes von Utik), „Utiakan ashkharh“ und „Utiakan gavar“ (Utian-Land/Bezirk) genannt.[2] Nach Ansicht von Suren Yeremian bezog sich der Name ursprünglich auf den Bezirk Uti Arandznak („Uti Proper“), in dem der Utian-Stamm (utiats‘i) lebte, und wurde später auf die größere Provinz angewendet.[3] Nach Strabo (2. Jh. v.C.) eroberten Armenier von den Medern die Länder von Syunik und Caspiane, und die Länder, welche zwischen diesen lagen, inklusive Utik,[4] that was populated by the people called Utis, after whom it received its name. Modern historians agree that "Utis" were a people of non-Armenian origin, and the modern ethnic group of Udi is their descendants.[5][6] According Robert Hewsen, the mountainous part of Utik (according to the administrative boundaries of Greater Armenia), Gardman and Tavush was a homeland of proto-Armenian tribes.[7] According to classical sources, Armenians settled as far as the Kura River in about the 7th century BC.[8] After the conquest of Armenia in the 4th[9] or 2nd century BC Utik still had also Armenian population.[10][11][12][13][14] The province was called Otena in Latin sources and Otene in Greek sources.[15]
According to the Armenian geographer Anania Shirakatsi's Ashkharatsuyts ("Geography", 7th century), Utik was the 12th among the 15 provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia, and belonged, at the time, to the Caucasian Albania (when the Utik and Artsakh provinces were lost by Armenia after its partition in the 4th century).[16] According to Ashkharatsuyts, Utik consisted of 8 cantons (gavars, in Armenian): Aranrot, Tri, Rotparsyan, Aghve, Tuskstak (Tavush), Gardman, Shakashen, and Uti. The province was bounded by the Kura River from north-east, river Arax from south-east, and by the province of Artsakh from the west.[17]
Greco-Roman historians from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD state that Utik was a province of Armenia, with the Kura River separating Armenia and Albania.[18][19][20] But the Armenian-Albanian boundary along the Kura River, confirmed by Greco-Roman sources, was often overrun by armies of both countries.[21]
According to Strabo, Armenia, which in the 6th century BC had covered a large portion of Asia,[22] had lost some of its lands by the 2nd century BC.[23] At the same time Strabo wrote: "According to report, Armenia, though a small country in earlier times, was enlarged by Artaxias and Zariadris". Around 190 BC, under the king Artashes I, Armenia conquered Vaspurakan and Paytakaran from Media, Acilisene from Cataonia, and Taron from Syria. Some have suggested that Utik was among the provinces conquered by Artashes I at this time,[14] though Strabo doesn't list Utik among Artashes' conquests.[23]
King Urnayr of Caucasian Albania invaded Utik. But in 370 AD, the Armenian sparapet Mushegh Mamikonyan defeated the Albanians, restoring the frontier back to the river Kura.[24] In 387 AD, the Sassanid Empire helped the Albanians to seize from the Kingdom of Armenia a number of provinces, including Utik.[1]
In the middle of the 5th century, by the order of the Persian king Peroz I, the king Vache of Caucasian Albania built in Utik the city initially called Perozapat, and later Partaw and Barda, and made it the capital of Caucasian Albania.[25][26]
Starting with the 13th century, the area covered by Utik and Artsakh was called Karabakh by non-Armenians.
Population
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]In ancient times, the area was inhabited by Armenians and "Utis" (likely the ancestors of modern day Udi people), after whom it was named.[14][27] The early Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi wrote that the local princes of Utik descended from the Armenian noble family of Sisakan and spoke Armenian.[28]
Utik had been one of the provinces of Greater Armenia, the population of which is referred to by the name Udini (or Utidorsi) in Latin sources, and by the name Outioi in Greek sources.[13] However, Ancient Greco-Roman writers placed the Udis beyond Utik, north of the Kura River.[14]
Pliny the Elder names both the Uti and the Udini among the tribes living in eastern Transcaucasia and calls the latter a Scythian tribe ("Scytharum populus").[29] This suggests the possibility that some Iranian-speaking or, less likely, Finnic peoples may have settled in the area and adopted the language of the local Caucasian population).[14] More likely, however, the terms refer not to any specific ethnic group in the modern sense but simply the inhabitants of the eponymous region.[30]
Einzelnachweise
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- ↑ a b M. L. Chaumont: ALBANIA. In: Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I, Fasc. 8, 1985: S. 806–810. „The more or less self-interested loyalty of the Albanians explains why the Sasanians helped them to seize from the Armenians the provinces (or districts) of Uti (with the towns of Xałxał and Pʿartaw), Šakašēn, Kołṭʿ, Gardman, and Arcʿax. (...) These territories were to remain in the possession of Albania; a reconquest by Mušeł (cf. Pʿawstos, ibid.) was unlikely.“
- ↑ B. Harutiunian: Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran. (deutsch: Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia). Hrsg.: Makich Arzumanian. Band 12. Haykakan hanragitarani glkhavor khmbagrutʻyun, Erevan 1986, Utikʻ, 267–269 (armenisch).
- ↑ Suren Yeremian: Hayastaně ěst "Ashkharhatsʻoytsʻ"-i: (pʻordz VII dari haykakan kʻartezi verakazmutʻyan zhamanakakitsʻ kʻartezagrakan himkʻi vra). (deutsch: Armenia according to the Ashkharhatsuyts (attempt at the reconstruction of the map of 7th-century Armenia on the basis of modern cartography)). Haykakan SSṚ GA hratarakchʻutʻyun, Erevan 1963, S. 73 (armenisch).
- ↑ Robert H. Hewsen: Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians. In: Thomas J. Samuelian (hg.): Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity. Chicago 1982: S. 27-40.
- ↑ Viktor A. Shnirelman: Memory Wars: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. Moskau: Academkniga 2003: S. 226-228. ISBN 5-94628-118-6
- ↑ Hewsen, Robert H. “The Kingdom of Artsakh,” in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983
- ↑ Hewsen. Armenia, pp. 119, 163
- ↑ ARMENIA and IRAN i. Armina, Achaemenid province |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher= |location= |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-i |last=Schmitt |first=R. |date=December 15, 1986 |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |volume=II |number=4 |pages=417-418 |isbn= |quote=Bordering on Media, Cappadocia, and Assyria, the Armenians settled, according to classical sources (beginning with Herodotus and Xenophon), in the east Anatolian mountains along the Araxes (Aras) river and around Mt. Ararat, Lake Van, Lake Rezaiyeh, and the upper courses of the Euphrates and Tigris; they extended as far north as the Cyrus (Kur) river. To that region they seem to have immigrated only about the 7th century B.C. |authorlink=}}
- ↑ Robert H. Hewsen Armenia: A Historical Atlas. "Strabo's description of the expansion of Zariadris and Artaxias makes it clear just what lands the Orontids had originally controlled: apparently much of Greater Armenia from the Euphrates to the basin of Lake Sevan and possibly beyond to the juncture of the Kur and Arax Rivers (as Harut'yunyan believes and as depicted here)."
- ↑ Chahin, Mark. The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001, p. 181 Vorlage:ISBN.
- ↑ Movses Khorenatsi, "History of Armenia," I.13, II.8
- ↑ Movses Kaghankatvatsi, "History of Aghvank," I.4
- ↑ a b [http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/Cauc_alb.htm |title=Wolfgang Schulze. The Language of the 'Caucasian Albanian' (Aluan) Palimpses |access-date=2001-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011030235348/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/Cauc_alb.htm |archive-date=2001-10-30 |url-status=dead }}
- ↑ a b c d e Igor Kuznetsov. Udis.
- ↑ Ptolemy, Geography: Book V, Chapter 13.9
- ↑ Anania Shirakatsi. Geography
- ↑ Anania Shirakatsi, "Geography"
- ↑ Strabo, Geography, 11.14.4, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.14.1
- ↑ Pliny the Elder, "The Natural history ", 6.39: "..the tribe of Albanians settled on the Caucasian mountains, reaches ... the river Kir making border of Armenia and Iberia"
- ↑ Claudius Ptolemy, "Geography" 5.12: "Armenia is located from the north to a part of Colchida, Iberia and Albania along the line, which goes through the river Kir (Kura)"
- ↑ Encyclopedia Iranica. M. L. Chaumont. Albania.
- ↑ Strabo, Geography, 11.13.5: "In ancient times Greater Armenia ruled the whole of Asia, after it broke up the empire of the Syrians", http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.13.1
- ↑ a b Strabo, Geography, 11.14.5, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.14.1
- ↑ Pavstos Buzand, "History of Armenia," 5.13, 4th century AD.
- ↑ V. Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th centuries, Cambridge (Heffer and Sons), 1958
- ↑ Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of Albania
- ↑ Agathangelos, History of St. Gregory
- ↑ Movses Khorenatsi, "History of Armenia," II.13, II.8
- ↑ Pliny|title=Natural History, Book VI, Chapter 15}}
- ↑ Wolfgang Schulze: Caucasian Albanian and the Question of Language and Ethnicity.] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317232007%7Cjournal=Language and Ethnic Identity. Mai 2017. via=ResearchGate}}
[[Category:Provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)]] [[Category:Ancient history of Azerbaijan]]