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Lachnocladiaceae
Lachnocladiaceae
Systematik
Unterabteilung: Agaricomycotina Klasse: Agaricomycetes incertae sedis Unterklasse: unsichere Stellung (incertae sedis) Ordnung: Täublingsartige (Russulales) Familie: Lachnocladiaceae
Wissenschaftlicher Name
Lachnocladiaceae

Die Pilzgattung Lachnocladium ist die Typusgattung der Familie der Lachnocladiaceae. Die Typusart ist Lachnocladium brasiliense (Lév.) Pat. 1902.

Merkmale

Lachnocladiaceae D.A. Reid 1965 Russulales: Basidiomycota Basidiomata effuse and resupinate, or erect, pileate, spathulate or coralloid, annual or perennial, soft-textured or ± leathery, smooth or tomentose, flesh typically yellowish or brown. Hyphal system dimitic, with generative hyphae possessing or lack- ing clamp connections and branched skeletal hyphae that stain brown in iodine, cystidia usually present, rarely encrusted. Hymenium smooth, warted or ridged. Basidia cylindrical to clavate and elongate, 2- or 4-spored, in most genera interspersed with dichotomously branched sterile hyphae (di-chohyphidia) that stain brown in iodine, and sometimes also stellate setae. Basidiospores variously shaped, hyaline, usually thin-walled, smooth or ornamented, sometimes blueing in iodine. Significant Genera: Asterostroma, Lachnocladium, Scytinostroma, Vararia. Distribution: Widespread, in both the tropics and temperate zones.

Ökologie und Verbreitung

Ecology: On decaying coniferous or broadleaved wood, sometimes on herbaceous stems, presumably saprobic.

Systematik

Notes: The family as currently circumscribed is extremely variable in gross morphology and is united primarily by the possession of branched dextrinoid hyphidia. Molecular studies indicate that the Peniophoraceae (which lack these structures) should probably be combined with the Lachnocladiaceae, but the affinities of Lachnocladium itself and similar tropical coralloid allies need further investigation.

Gattungen

Asterostroma (25) Massee (1889)

Lachsfarbener Sternsetenpilz

Asterostroma Massee, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 154, 1889. Asterostroma seems to be related to Asterodon sharing the same type of asterosetae but differing in the type of basidiospores and hymenophore morphology. Phylogenetic analysis include Asterostroma in the russuloid clade and Asterodon in the hymenochaetoid clade. Asterostroma is included, with Vararia, Dichostereum Scytinostroma in the Peniophoraceae. The phylogenetic analysis show that dextrinoid hyphidia do not define a monophyletic group (Larsson 2007b). For a survey of Asterostroma see also Boidin et al. (1997).

Type species: Corticium apalum Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 72, 1875. Basidiome resupinate, effused, membranaceous to pellicular, brittle, loosely adnate, hymenophore smooth, cream to ochraceous. Hyphal system dimitic with simple-septate generative hyphae and asterosetae. Gloeocystidia present. Basidia utriform, with 4-sterigmata and with a simple basal septum. Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth or tuberbulate, amyloid (some species with inamyloid basidiospores, subg. Austroasterostroma Parmasto). (2010. Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s.l. 12:135)

Asterostromella (19) Asterostromella Höhn. & Litsch., 1907

(Keine Nachweise aus Europa, die meisten aus Brasilien.

Dichantharellus (2)

Corner, E.J.H. 1966. A monograph of Cantharelloid fungi. :99

Remarks: Unless the structure of the stem is examined-and its different texture from the pileus should be apparent-this genus would appear intermediate between Cantharellus and Gomphus. Actually, it is a cantharelloid fruit-body on a Lachnocladium-stem with inflating hyphae. The hymenium has, also, the character of Lachnocladium, being traversed by gloeocystidia as it thickens. Further, the absence of clamps becomes significant in connexion with these features. Thus, this remarkable fungus, which I found but once in the heart of the Malayan forest, belongs with the clavarioid Lachnocladium in the yellow-brown (xanthochroic) series of Homobasidiomycetes, where it is unique in the soft fleshy consistency of the pileus, caused by the inflating hyphae. The features in common with Lacknocladium are: the lack of clamps, the colourless hyphae, the dichophyses with dichotomous tapering arms, the subtomentose covering of the stem formed by the arms of the dichophyses, the straight (not epinastic) growth of the margin, the gloeocytidia, the clavate basidia, and the straight sterigmata. The features in common with Cantharellus are: the flabelliform pileus with sterile upperside, the rugoso-plicate hymenium, the inflating hyphae, the granular oleaginous spores, and the very long basidia. Peculiar to Dichantharellus are the oleiferous hyphae of limited growth in the flesh, such as occur in Gomphus stereoides.

Description: Dichantharellus gen. nov. Pileus pleuropodalis flabelliformis ascendens ; margine recto, dein recurvo. Hymenium plicis irregulariter dichotomis obtusis ornatum. Contextus mollis, hygrophanus, in stipite floccoso-subcoriaceus. Sporae albae, laeves, non amyloideae, intus granulato-oleaginosae. Basidia clavata, elongata; sterigmatibus 4, rectis. Hymenium incrassatum, gloeocystidiis pervasum; cystidiis nullis. Hyphae monomiticae, sine fibulis, inflatae, tenue tunicatae, baud ordine secundo septatae; in stipite dichophysibus praeditae. Hyphae oleiferae in pileo stipiteque copiosae. Terricolus. Species 1, Malaya.-Figs. 45-49.

Dichopleuropus (1)

Wu, S.H.; Chou, W.N. 1995. Four Basidiomycotina new to Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science. 6:139

Remarks: The monotypic genus Dichopleuropus Reid is commonly considered by mycologists as belonging to the Lachnocladiaceae Reid, due to the presence of gloeocystidia, amyloid basidiospores and dextrinoid, dichotomously branched skeletal hyphae. Based on Dichopleuropus and Dichantharellus Corner, Jülich (1981) established a new family Dichantharellaceae Jül. under his new order Lachnocladiales Jül. However, the elongate-clavate basidia and the broadly ellipsoid, thin-walled and guttulate basidiospores of Dichopleuropus, strongly suggest a close affinity with the corticioid genus Gloiothele Bres.

Description: Dichopleuropus spathulatus Reid, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 18:330. 165 (Figs. 1A, 2) Basidiome on ground, up to 5 cm high and wide, coriaceous, pileate, pleuropodal, basally narrowed to stipitate. Several pilei arising from a common stipe and fairly crowded when growing old. Hymenium inferior, continuous, extending to stipe base. Upper surface of pileus ochraceous, irregularly tuberculate under the lens, glabrous, or covered with brownish string-like veins which radiate towards the pileus margin and sometimes project as hairs from the surface; margin paler. Hymenial .surface ochraceous to pale brown, ceraceous, ridged, sometimes cracked. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae simple-septate. Subiculum uniform, composed of a thick basal layer, with compact texture; hyphae parallel, usually glued together, colorless, usually with short cells, 4-8 µm diam, occasionally inflated to ca. 20 µm diam, thin-walled. Dichotomously ramified skeletal hyphae scattered in subiculum, 1.5-3.5 µm diam, dextrinoid, slightly yellowish brown and slightly thick-walled for basal "trunk" parts, colorless, thick-walled and almost solid in the narrow ultimate branches; basal "trunk" parts of the dichotomous skeletals in inner stipe up to 5 µm diam. Subhymenium distinctly thickening, with somewhat loose texture; hyphae ± vertical, colorless, 3-4 µm diam, thin-walled. Gloeocystidia numerous in subiculum and hymenial layer, colorless, tubular, flexuous, sometimes with swollen bases, apically obtuse or rarely acute, up to 200 µm long, 4-10(-15) µm diam, SA+ . Basidia clavate, with elongated bases, 80-110 x 7-8.5 µm, 4-sterigmate. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, adaxially flattened, with a distinct apiculus, guttulate, smooth, thin-walled, 7.5-9.5 x 5.5-7 µm, weakly amyloid, acyanophilous. Specimen examined. Taiwan. Taipei: Taipei Botanical Garden, on ground, 15.VII.1993, leg. W.N. Chou, TF 135 (NMNS: F3017). Distribution. Singapore (type locality), USA (Florida) (Welden 1971), Brazil (Welden 1993), Taiwan.

Dichostereum (13)

Original description : Dichostereum Pilát, Annls mycol.: 223, 1926. Type species: Asterostromella dura Bourdot & Galzin, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 36: 74, 1920. Enthält stereumartige Pilze, welche im Hymenium neben den Basidien in großer Menge typisch ausgebildete, stark gefärbte Dichophysen entwickeln. Dichophysen mehrmals regulär dichotomisch verzweigt, mehr Hierher gehören zum größten Teil exotische Arten (D. induratum (Bk.), D. albocinctum (Bk. Et Br.), D. duriusculum (Bk. et Br.), und nur eine einzige europäische Art.

Remarks Dichostereum is characterized by the dextrinoid dichohyphae, presence of gloeocystidia and amyloid basidiospores. It is closely related to Vararia, but mainly separated by the ornamented basidiospores. Phylogenetically both are classified in the Peniophoraceae among the russuloid clade (Larsson & Larsson 2003, Larsson 2007b).

Description: Dichostereum Pilát, Annls mycol.: 223, 1926. Basidiome resupinate, effused, membraceous to crustaceous, hymenophore smooth to grandinioid, usually cream to ochraceous. Hyphal system dimitic with clamped generative hyphae and dichohyphae. Gloeocystidia present, SA+ in most species. Basidia narrowly clavate, with 4-sterigmata, and a basal clamp. Basidiospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, verrucose, with a strong amyloid reaction. 2010. Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s.l. 12:280

Lachnocladium (40)

Lachnocladium Lév., Dict. univ. Hist. nat.: 487 (1846)

Scytinostroma (33)

2012-05-18 Scytinostroma portentosum (Berkeley & Curtis) Donk 219912

Remarks: Scytinostroma is morphologically very close to Vararia, differing in the presence of distinct and numerous dichohyphae in Vararia, which gives a looser consistency to the Basidiome, but frequently it is not difficult to find some intermediate forms, as in Vararia maremmana where dichohyphae are not very differentiated and the basidiome presents a tough texture. Several studies (Larsson & Larsson 2003, Larsson et al. 2004, Binder et al. 2005, Larsson 2007b) include Scytinostroma close to other russuloid members in the family Peniophoraceae Lotsy. Phylogenetic data seem to indicate that dextrinoid hyphae do not define a monophyletic group.

Description: Scytinostroma Donk, Fungus, Wageningen 26: 19, 1956. Type species: Corticium portentosum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 2(13): 3, 1873. Basidiome resupinate, effused, adnate, coriaceous, hymenophore smooth to tuberculate, usually cream to ochraceous coloured. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamps or simple septa, thin-walled, skeletal hyphae densely branched and sometimes forming dendrohyphae or dichohyphae, narrow and thick-walled, strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous. Cystidia (gloeocystidia) present in most species, SA+ or SA?, frequently with apical schizopapillae. Basidia tubular to utriform, with 4-sterigmata, basally clamped or simple-septate. Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth, variably amyloid. (2010. Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s.l. 12:585)

Stelligera (1)

Stelligera R. Heim, Lloydia 11: 134 (1948)

Stereofomes (4)

Stereofomes Rick, Egatea 13: 435 (1928)

Vararia (63)

Vararia investiens (Typusart)

2010. Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s.l. 12:707 Remarks :Vararia is closely related to Dichostereum and mainly separated by the presence of ornamented basidiospores in the latter. It is also similar in some aspects to Scytinostroma, and its generic separation is sometimes a matter of personal opinion because there are several intermediate stages between the two genera. Phylogenetic analyses show that dextrinoid hyphidia do not define a monophyletic group (Larsson 2007b). Actually Vararia, Dichostereum, Scytinostroma and Asterostroma, traditionally included in the Lachnocladiaceae on the common presence of the dextrinoid skeletoid elements, are phylogenetically placed in Peniophoraceae belonging to the Russulales (Larsson & Larsson 2004). The analysis of the little known tropical species, as in most of the corticioid fungi, will surely clarify the phylogenetic relationships.

Description: Vararia P. Karst., Kritisk À–fversigt af Finlands Basidsvampar, Tillägg 3: 32, 1898. Syn.: Asterostromella Höhn. & Litsch., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 116: 773, 1907. Type species: Radulum investiens Schwein., Trans. Am. phil. Soc., Ser. 2 4(2): 165, 1832. Basidiome resupinate, effused, adnate, membranaceous, hymenophore smooth, whitish to cream or ochraceous. Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with or without clamps, with more or less differentiate dextrinoid dichohyphae. Cystidia (gloeocystidia) present but variable in number, usually SA+. Basidia utriform, with 4-sterigmata. Basidiospores ellipsoid to subglobose, allantoid to fusoid, smooth (ornamented in some tropical species), amyloid or inamyloid, indextrinoid.

Deutscher Name	Wissenschaftlicher Name	Beschreibung	Bild
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Quellen

Boidin, J.; Lanquetin, P. (1987). Le Genre Scytinostroma Donk (Basidiomycetes, Lachnocladiaceae). Biblthea Mycol. 114: 130 pp.; Ginns, J. (1998). Genera of the North American Corticiaceae sensu lato. Mycologia 90: 1-35; Hallenberg, N. (1985). The Lachnocladiaceae and Coniophoraceae of North Europe (Oslo): 96 pp., Hibbett, D.S.; Donoghue, M.J. (2001) Analysis of character correlations among wood decay mechanisms, mating systems and substrate ranges in Homobasidiomycetes. Syst. Biol. 50: 215-242, Larsson, E.; Larsson, K.-H. (2003). Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa. Mycologia 95: 1037-1065; Müller, W.H.; Stalpers, J.A.; Aelst, A.C. van; Jong, M.D.M. de; Krift, T.P. van der; Boekhout, T. (2000). The taxonomic position of Asterodon, Asterostroma and

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