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| Бајина Башта Bajina Bašta | |||||
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| Basisdaten | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Staat: |  Serbien
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| Okrug: | Zlatibor | ||||
| Opština: | Bajina Bašta | ||||
| Koordinaten: | 43° 58′ N, 19° 34′ O | ||||
| Einwohner: | 9.543 (2002) | ||||
| Postleitzahl: | 31250 | ||||
| Kfz-Kennzeichen: | UE | ||||
| Struktur und Verwaltung | |||||
| Gemeindeart: | Stadt | ||||
| Bürgermeister: | Miloje Savić (SPS) | ||||
Bajina Bašta (Kyrillisch: Бајина Башта) ist eine Stadt in der Opština Bajina Bašta im Okrug Zlatibor im Westen Serbiens. Die Stadt liegt am Fluss Drina und in der Nähe des Nationalparks Tara.
Geschichte
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Kultur
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Einwohner
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Infrastruktur
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Bildung
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]In der Stadt Bajina Bašta gibt es vier Schulen: Die Grundschulen Rajak Pavićević und Sveti Sava, das Gymnasium Josif Pančić und eine Technische Schule.
Weblinks
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- Bajina Bašta Offizielle Seite
- Bajina Bašta Portal
- Bajina Bašta Sport-Tourismus Zentrum
- Bajina Bašta im Internet
- Bajina Bašta Forum
- Bajina Bašta (Novi Sajt)
- Touristisches Zentrum "Taratours"
Das Mittelalter und der Kampf gegen das Osmanische Reich
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Subotica wurde 1241-1242 gegründet. Damals ließen sich die Bewohner der, vom Mongolensturm zerstörten, umliegenden Dörfer auf der heutigen Stelle der Stadt nieder.
Als Zabadka das erste Mal 1391 auf alten, ungarischen Karten erwähnt wurde, war Subotica eine kleine Stadt im Süden des mittelalterlichen Königreiches Ungarn. Später gehörte die Stadt zu den Huyandis, einer der einflussreichsten Familien im damaligen Mitteleuropa.
König Matthias Corvinus gab die Stadt an János Pongrác Dengelegi weiter. Dieser ließ, da er eine Invasion der Osmanen fürchtete, eine Festung in Subotica errichten. Diese Festung wurde 1470 in ein Schloss umgebaut. Einige Jahre später wurde die Stadt während der Schlacht bei Mohács von den Osmanen eingenommen. Der größte Teil der ungarischen Bevölkerung floh, darunter auch Bálint Török.
Nach der extrem verwirrenden militärischen und politischen Situation nach der Einnahme der Osmanen, kam die Stadt unter Herrschaft von serbischen Soldaten, welche in Srem rekrutiert wurden. Sie standen im Dienste des Generales John I. Zápolya, einem späteren ungarischen König. Der Führer dieser Soldaten war Jovan Nenad, welcher sich selbst zum Zar ernannte, und einen eigenen, unabhängigen Staat mit Subotica als Hauptstadt gründete. This state comprised entire Bačka, northern Banat and a small part of Srem. Als Bálint Török zurückkehrte, und Subotica einnahm, ernannte Jovan Nenad der Schwarze Szeged zur Hauptstadt. Einige Monate später, im Sommer 1572, wurde Jovan Nenad ermordet und sein Staat brach zusammen.
Die Osmanen herrschten von 1542 bis 1686 über diese Stadt. Am Ende dieser fast 150 jährigen Regentschaft war nicht viel vom früheren Zabadka geblieben. Die Türken ermutigten andere Völker der Balkanhalbinsel, darunter auch serbisch-orthodoxe Serben, sich in Subotica niederzulassen. 1570 gab es 49 Häuser in Subotica, 1590 gab es 63 Häuser. 1687 wurde die Region von römisch-katholischen Dalmatinern (den heutigen Bunjewatzen) besiedelt.
Unabhängigkeitskriege und die Revolution
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]After the decisive battle against the Turks at Senta (Zenta) led by Prince Eugene of Savoy on 11 September 1697, Subotica became part of the military border zone Tisa-Mureş established by the Habsburg Monarchy. In the meantime the uprising of Francis II Rákóczi broke out, which is also known as the Kuruc War. In the region of Subotica, Rákóczi joined battle against the Rac National Militia. Rác was a designation for the South Slavic people (mostly Serbs and Bunjevci) and they often were referred to as rácok in Hungary. In a later period rácok came to mean, above all, Serbs of Orthodox religion.
The Serbian military families enjoyed several privileges thanks to their service for the Habsburg Monarchy. Subotica gradually, however, developed from being a mere garrison town to becoming a market town with its own civil charter in 1743. When this happened, many Serbs complained about the loss of their privileges. The majority left the town in protest and some of them founded a new settlement just outside 18th century Subotica in Aleksandrovo, while others emigrated to Russia. In New Serbia, a new Russian province established for them, those Serbs founded a new settlement and also named it Subotica. In 1775 a Jewish community in Subotica was established.
It was perhaps to emphasise the new civic serenity of Subotica that the pious name Saint Mary came to be used for it at this time. Some decades later, in 1779, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria advanced the town's status further by proclaiming it a Free Royal Town. The enthusiastic inhabitants of the city renamed Subotica once more as Maria-Theresiopolis.
This Free Royal Town status gave a great impetus to the development of the city. During the 19th century its population doubled twice, attracting many people from all over the Habsburg Monarchy. This led eventually to a considerable demographic change. In the first half of the 19th century, the Bunjevci had still been in the majority, but there was an increasing number of Hungarians and Jews settling in Subotica. This process was not stopped even by the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution in 1848/49.
It is remarkable that despite the diversity of their ethnic origins, the citizens of Subotica (mainly Bunjevci and Hungarians) united in defending Subotica in the battle at Kaponya, March 5 1849. They repulsed the advancing Serbian troops from Sombor in the direction to Szeged. The town’s first newspaper was also a result of the 1848/49 revolutionary spirit. It was called Honunk állapota ("State of Our Homeland") and was published in Hungarian by Károly Bitterman’s local printing company.
Following the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution, Hungary was administered by Baron Alexander von Bach from 1849-1860. During this time, Subotica, together with the entire Bačka region, was separated from the Habsburg Hungary and become a part of a separate Austrian province, named Vojvodina of Serbia and Tamiš Banat. The administrative centre of this new province was not Subotica, but Timişoara.
Vom Goldenen Zeitalter bis nach den zwei Weltkriegen
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]After the establishment of the Dual-Monarchy in 1867, there followed what is often called the "golden age" of Subotica. The city had already acquired its impressive theatre in 1853, and many schools were opened after 1867. In 1869 the railway connected the city to the world. In 1896 an electrical power plant was built, further enhancing the development of the city and the whole region. Subotica now adorned itself with its remarkable Central European, fin de siècle architecture. In 1902 a Jewish synagogue was built in the Art Nouveau style.
Subotica belonged to the Austria-Hungary until the aftermath of World War I in 1918, when the city became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Separated from the economic and cultural mainstream, it had to content itself with being a border-town in Yugoslavia. Subotica did not, for a time, experience again the dynamic prosperity it enjoyed in the years preceding World War I. However, at that time, Subotica was the third largest city in Yugoslavia by population, following Belgrade and Zagreb.
In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the Axis Powers, and its northern parts, including Subotica, were annexed to Hungary. During World War II, the so-called Miklós Horthy era from 1941-1944, which had catastrophic consequences for Subotica, the city lost 7,000 of its citizens, mostly Serbs and Jews. Hungarian troops entered Subotica on April 11, 1941. During the war, Axis occupation troops killed numerous civilians. Before the war 6,000 Jews lived in Subotica. Many Jews were deported from the city during the Holocaust, mostly to Auschwitz. In 1942 the first group of Jewish men was deported. On one deportation in 1944, the people in the front of the train were sent to Auschwitz while those in the back were sent to Strasshof forced labor camp in Austria. Strasshof was a small town in which a concentration camp was set up, holding 21,000 Jews in 1944. In April of 1944 a ghetto was set up. Also, many communists were put to death during Axis rule. Citizens of Subotica of all nationalities; Serbs, Hungarians, Bunjevci, Croats, Jews and others fought together in the Partisan resistance movement against the Axis authorities (The majority of the local Partisan leadership in Subotica, including the communist party secretary, were ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian-speaking Jews). In 1944, the Axis forces left from the city, and Subotica became part of the new socialist Yugoslavia. After the war, there were executions of those who collaborated with the Axis authorities during the war, as well as the killings of people for personal revenge during the transitional period until law and order in the new country was established.
In the post-war period Subotica has gradually modernised itself. During the Yugoslav and Kosovo wars of the 1990s, a considerable number of mostly Serb refugees came to the city from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo, whilst some of the city's ethnic Hungarians and Croats left the country because of the economic crisis and the political pressures of the Milošević period (Some of the ethnic Serb residents also left the country because of the same reasons). During the break-up of Yugoslavia, local leaders in Subotica were drawn from political parties opposed to the policy of the central government in Belgrade.