Benutzer:Shi Annan/Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China

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Die Ausgabe der Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China der Columbia University, in westlicher Art neu gebunden durch Prof. Frederick Hirth zur leichteren Benutzung.

Das Gujin Tushu Jicheng, dt. die Sammlung der Gesamten Klassiker des Alten China (chinesisch 古今图书集成, Pinyin gǔjīn túshū jíchéng, wörtl.: „Sammlung der Antiken und Zeitgenössischen Bücher“, en.: Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China) ist eine umfangreiche Enzyklopädie aus China. Sie entstand während der Regierungszeit der Kaiser Kangxi und Yongzheng in der Qing-Dynastie und wurde 1700 begonnen und 1725 vollendet. Die Arbeit wurde von and compiled mainly by scholar Chen Menglei (陳夢雷). Later on the Chinese painter Jiang Tingxi helped work on it as well.

Die Enzyklopädie hat 10.000 Bände. Sixty-four imprints were made of the first edition, known as the Wu-ying Hall edition. The encyclopaedia consisted of 6 series, 32 divisions, and 6,117 sections. It contained 800,000 pages and over 100 million Chinese characters, making it the largest leishu ever printed. Topics covered included natural phenomena, geography, history, literature and government. The work was printed in 1726 using copper movable type printing. It spanned around 10 thousand rolls (卷). To illustrate the huge size of the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China, it is estimated to have contained 3 to 4 times the amount of material in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition.

In 1908, the Guangxu Emperor of China presented a set of the encyclopaedia in 5,000 fascicles to the China Society of London, which has deposited it on loan to Cambridge University Library. Another one of the three extant copies of the encyclopedia outside of China is located at the C.V. Starr East Asian Library at Columbia University. A complete copy in Japan was destroyed in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.

One of Yongzheng's brothers patronised the project for a while, although Yongzheng contrived to give exclusive credit to his father Kangxi instead.

Name

The Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China is known as the Gujin Tushu Jicheng (chinesisch 古今圖書集成, Pinyin Gǔjīn Túshū Jíchéng, W.-G. Ku-chin t'u-shu chi-ch'eng) or Qinding Gujin Tushu Jicheng (chinesisch 欽定古今圖書集成) in Chinese, also translated as the Imperial Encyclopaedia, the Complete Collection of Ancient and Modern Illustrations and Texts, the Complete Collection of Ancient and Modern Writings and Charts, or the Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times.

Compilation

Illustration of mountains and rivers in Volume 52 of the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China (3rd year of Yongzheng, Qing dynasty, 1725, Chen Menglei)

The Kangxi Emperor hired Chen Menglei of Fujian to compile the encyclopedia. From 1700 to 1705, Chen Menglei worked day and night, writing most of the book, including 10,000 volumes and around 160 million words. It was originally titled the Compendium or Tushu Huibian (图书汇编). By 1706 the book's first draft was completed, and the Kangxi emperor changed the title to Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China (Gujin Tushu Jicheng). When the Yongzheng emperor ascended the throne, he ordered Jiang Tingxi to help Chen Menglei finish the encyclopedia for publication by around 1725.

Outline

The 6 series are as follows.

1. Heavens/Time/Calendrics (历象): Celestial objects, the seasons, calendar mathematics and astronomy, heavenly portents
2. Earth/Geography (方舆): Mineralogy, political geography, list of rivers and mountains, other nations (Korea, Japan, India, Kingdom of Khotan, Ryukyu Kingdom)
3. Man/Society (明论): Imperial attributes and annals, the imperial household, biographies of mandarins, kinship and relations, social intercourse, dictionary of surnames, human relations, biographies of women
4. Nature (博物): Procivilities (crafts, divination, games, medicine), spirits and unearthly beings, fauna, flora (all life forms on Earth)
5. Philosophy (理学): Classics of non-fiction, aspects of philosophy (numerology, filial piety, shame, etc.), forms of writing, philology and literary studies
6. Economy (经济): education and imperial examination, maintenance of the civil service, food and commerce, etiquette and ceremony, music, the military system, the judicial system, styles of craft and architecture

The six series in total are subdivided into 32 subdivisions.

Note that a pre-modern sense is intended in both "society" (that is, high society) and "economy" (which could be called "society" today), and the other major divisions do not match precisely to English terms.

Gallery

Part 1: Heavens/Astronomy

• 

Part 2: Geography

Territories

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  Map of the Qing dynasty's east coast (Mongolia and Taiwan marked as 蒙古 and 臺灣, Ryukyu and Korea marked as 琉球 and 朝鮮)
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  Further inside China (Chengdu marked as 成都 and the northern desert marked as 沙漠)
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  Map of Shanxi
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  Map of Guangdong
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  Map of Jiaozhi (Vietnam)
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  Map of Fujian

Borders

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  Yuanguguo / Xuanguguo (玄股國), one of the countries in Huainanzi
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  Kingdom of Sicily (Southern Italy), transcribed as 斯伽里野
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  Ma'ata (麻阿塔國), possibly referring to Malta, located in the Mediterranean Sea
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  Image of person from Kalingga Kingdom in Java (大闍婆國)
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  Srivijaya (三佛齊國)
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  Kingdom of women (女人國), recorded in travels during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, possibly referring to some part of Australia. It is mentioned in the History of Yuan and was described by the Yuan dynasty traveler Wang Dayuan.
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  Ryukyu Kingdom

Part 3: Society

Human Affairs

Describes some anatomy of the human body

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  Diagram of human body
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  Liver diagram
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  Dragon
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Imperial Harem

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  Palace Doors, Harem

Imperial Perfection

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• 

Part 4: Nature

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  Image of Nüwa

Plant Kingdom

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  Ranunculus sceleratus (石龍芮)

Part 5: Philosophy

Canonical and other Literature section

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  Page from the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
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  Guhe diagram (古河圖)
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  Hetu Shengchengtu (河圖生成圖)
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  Fuxi (伏羲) diagram
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  Bagua
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  Qiankun (乾坤) diagram
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• 
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  Tiandiji number diagram (天地极数图)
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  Bagua trigrams
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  Xingtu (性图) with calendar dates

Mathematics

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  Odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.
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  Parity: even and odd numbers

Education and Conduct

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  Taijitu and Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
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  Fuxi's Taijitu

Study of Characters

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  Wang Yingdian liuyi tujie (王應電六義圖解)

Part 6: Economy

Military

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  Crossbowmen
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  Navy
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  Counterweight trebuchet

Punishments and blessing

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  Nine star diagram (九星图)

Food

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Siehe auch

• Yongle Encyclopedia
• Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
• Hua Sui

Quellen

• Jonathan Spence: Search for Modern China. 1990.

Weblinks

• 故宮東吳數位古今圖書集成 etext
• WorldCat
• Archive.org
• HathiTrust
• An Alphabetical Index To The Chinese Encyclopaedia
• WorldCat
• Google Books
• [1] web.archive.org Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/ParameterVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL
• [2]
• Library of Congress

[[Category:1725 non-fiction books]] [[Category:1726 non-fiction books]] [[Category:18th-century encyclopedias]] [[Category:Chinese culture]] [[Category:Chinese encyclopedias]] [[Category:Qing dynasty literature]] [[Category:Sinology]] [[Category:Chinese literature]] [[Category:Leishu]] [[Category:Kangxi Emperor]]